Anthracite (hard thee): yam ntxwv thiab qhov chaw mining

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Anthracite yog hom pob txha pob txha zoo. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qib siab ntawm metamorphism (degrees ntawm cov theem khoom thiab cov qauv ntxhia hloov pauv).

Zoo li lwm hom pob txha, anthracite - thee yog tsim ntau txhiab xyoo los ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas tsis muaj oxygen hauv cov av txheej. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm lawv raug rau cov txheej txheem ntawm coalification thiab humification. Qhov no yog qhov tsim ntawm cov khoom teev tseg. Carbon tau txais nws lub npe thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm lo lus carbon - thee. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb. Anthracite yog hom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov thee. Nws tseem hu ua carbuncle.

yam ntxwv ntawm anthracite

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, muaj ob peb yam. Namely muaj:

• nplua nuj dub lossis dub-grey;
• ci ntsa iab;
• siab calorific nqi;
• qhov tseem ceeb hluav taws xob conductivity;
• siab hardness thiab ntom.

Txoj kev tsim ntawm cov pob txha no

Ntawm no ob peb txheej txheem tau muab rau hauv tus account. Anthracite yog tsim nyob rau hauvnyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim. Ua ntej, peat yog tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd xim av-hom thee. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv tej yam influences, cov pob txha no kis mus rau lwm yam khoom. Namely, nyob rau hauv thee thiab anthracite. Hauv qhov kawg, qhov no yog qhov hloov pauv hloov mus rau graphite.

Anthracite (thee) tshwm sim ntawm qhov tob li 6 km. Qhov chaw uas cov pob txha pob txha feem ntau yog tus kheej tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog cov toj roob hauv pes.

Ntau tshaj anthracite deposits nyob rau hauv lub thee phiab hauv cheeb tsam Donetsk.

Anthracite thee: khoom nta

Hauv qhov no, muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb nuances. Anthracite (los ntawm Greek anthrakitis) yog humic fossil thee. Nws muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm metamorphism. Thaum soj ntsuam nws nyob rau hauv ib lub microscope, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov nroj tsuag tseem nyuaj rau qhov txawv. Anthracite yog cov thee uas muaj xim dub, feem ntau nrog greyish tint. Nws yog qee zaum pom nyob rau hauv nws cov xim thiab variegated tarnish. Nws muab cov kab dub-velvety rau ntawm lub phaj plooj (porcelain). Anthracite (coal) kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub zog hlau nplaum. Nws muaj viscosity siab, tsis sinter, thiab muaj hluav taws xob zoo conductivity. Nws qhov hardness siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov nplai mineralogical yog 2.0-2.5, cov organic hnyav yog 1500-1700 kg / m3. Nws kub ntawm combustion yog 33.9-34.8 MJ / kg (8100-8350 kcal / kg). Nws muaj analytical low humidity - 1-3% thiab muaj txog li 9% ntawm volatile tshuaj nyob rau hauv combustible mass, 93.5-97.0% carbon, 1-3% hydrogen, oxygen thiab nitrogen 1.5-2.0%. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tiag. Cov pob txha no, uas muaj ntau dua 97% cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv cov khoom tawg, hu ua superanthracite. Raws li lub volumetric tawm los ntawm volatile tshuaj, cov khoom no muab faib ua ob qib industrial. Namely: nrog rau lub xub ntiag ntawm 220-330 l / kg - cov no yog semi-anthracites, thiab nrog lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug volumetric tawm los ntawm tsawg tshaj li 220 l / kg - anthracites.

txiaj ntsig ntawm cov pob txha hais tias

Cov khoom no yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws. Nws txawv ntawm lwm hom, raws li nws muaj cov nram qab no tsis:

• Ntau cov pa roj carbon ntau. Hauv qhov no, nws yog 94-99%.
• Low Sulfur.
• Tus nqi cua sov tshwj xeeb.
• tsawg moist.
• Hlawv tsis muaj pa taws lossis nplaim taws.
• Khaub tawm sai sai.
• High organic mass density. Hauv qhov no, 1500-1700 kg ib square meter.
• Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm anthracite thee yog 1, 5-1, 7.
• High hluav taws xob conductivity.

Ntxiv rau, anthracite thee, daim duab uas tau muab rau hauv cov ntawv no, tsis sinter thaum combustion. Nws hardness raws li qib ntawm mineralogical nplai yog 2.0-2.5. Lwm qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog tias tsuas yog txog li 5% ntawm cov tshuaj tsis hloov pauv tau tso tawm hauv huab cua thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm anthracite.

hom pob txha no muaj calorific zoo dua lwm cov thee, uas yog: 8200 kilocalories ib kilogram. Los ntawm kev sib piv, roj muaj tus nqi calorific ntawm 7000 kcal / kg.

hom twg yog muabpob txha

Anthracite thee yog cov khoom siv roj carbon ntau. Qhov no tau tham saum toj no. Qhov no thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam ntxwv plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim nws Scope. Raws li cov chav kawm loj, xws li pob txha li anthracite thee yog cais (GOST 19242-73). Kev sib cais yog nqa tawm raws li qhov loj ntawm cov feem ntawm cov khoom no. Namely:

• "AKO" - anthracite nrig, walnut. Hauv qhov no, feem ntau nrog qhov loj ntawm 26-100 mm raug coj mus rau hauv tus account.
• "AK" - anthracite coarse coal, nrig. Qhov no suav nrog cov feem uas nws loj yog 50-100 mm.
• "AO" - anthracite walnut thee. Qhov loj ntawm cov seem yog 26-50 hli.
• "AM" yog qhov zoo anthracite. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, feem ntau yog coj mus rau hauv tus account - 13-25 mm.
• "AS" - thee brand anthracite noob. Qhov no suav nrog cov seem uas muaj qhov loj ntawm 6-13 hli.
• "Ashlam" - anthracite sludge. Nws yog ib yam khoom siv roj nplua nuj.
• "Ash" - anthracite pebbles. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov feem tsawg dua 6 hli.

Anthracite mining yog ua nyob rau hauv cov mines. Lawv muaj qhov tob txog li 1500 m. Tom qab ntawd cov thee los ntawm cov mines mus rau cov tuam txhab ua haujlwm. Nyob ntawd nws yog enriched thiab sorted rau hauv feem. Tom qab ntawd, thee hauv hnab (anthracite) mus rau ntau tus neeg siv khoom.

Cov khoom no yog muag ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv zoo tib yam (AR) thiab hauv daim ntawv uas muaj concentrated. Cov pob txha pob txha tau teev nyob rau hauv cov npe "AM" thiab "AKO" zoo ib yam hauv cov khoom. Txawm hais tias lub resistivity ntawm coal yog zoohom muaj ntau dua.

Kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv

Cov khoom no nrov heev. Anthracite yog hom tawv tawv tshaj plaws. Qhov no tso cai rau nws los ua thawj txoj haujlwm hauv chav kawm ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob thiab lub sijhawm combustion. Yog tias koj yuav anthracite (coal) rau cua sov, ces koj yuav xav tau nws tsawg dua rau cua sov tib cheeb tsam dua li yog tias koj siv cov khoom zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom sib txawv lossis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txawm tias tag nrho cov zoo ntawm cov pob txha no, nws kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo. Muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb, nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj hluav taws hauv txhua hom boilers thiab cub tawg. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub. Txhawm rau kom zoo combustion ntawm anthracite, koj xav tau cua zoo. Yeej, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub hom khoom roj boilers, nws yog yuam. Yam tsawg dua ntawm cov thee tawv muaj xws li: tsis muaj zog caking thiab cov nplaim taws ntev.

Anthracite, vim nws cov khoom calorific, yog superior rau lwm yam analogues. Qhov no parameter yog 8200 kcal / kg. Piv txwv li, natural gas - 7000 kcal / kg. Anthracite - thee, uas yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho nws cov analogues. Thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm volatile tshuaj, tsuas yog mus txog 5% yog tso tawm los ntawm nws. Anthracite yog siv rau ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg. Namely: nyob rau hauv industrial hom ntau lawm (chemistry, metallurgy, qab zib kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv lub zej zog cheeb tsam (dej cua sov, cua sov, thiab hais txog). Nws kuj yog siv los ua cua sov tsev neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lim dej yog tsim los ntawm cov pob txha, uas yog siv los kho cov dej khib nyiab,dej thiab lwm yam.

Anthracites hauv kev lag luam fais fab

Hauv cheeb tsam no, daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom teev tseg kuj tseem ceeb. Kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm anthracites, uas muaj cov hmoov tshauv siab ntawm chav kawm 0-13, tau siv dav los ua roj hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Hauv kev lag luam no, cov pob txha pob txha no yog siv vim cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob. Kev lag luam hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los hlawv anthracite.

Pulverized combustion ntawm cov khoom no kuj yuav tsum tau tsim tshwj xeeb fireboxes. Lawv configuration yog heev peculiar. Nws yuav tsum xyuas kom meej qhov ua tiav ntawm cov pob txha pob txha hauv lub sijhawm thaum nws nyob hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb combustion.

Coal nrog cov feem zoo, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm sulfur, nitrogen thiab phosphorus, yog siv rau hauv cov boilers tshwj xeeb uas tsim los rau qhov no. Cov khoom me me no kuj siv rau hauv cov cement kiln.

Anthracites hauv metallurgy

Nyob hauv thaj chaw no, cov pob txha no kuj pom nws daim ntawv thov. Anthracites hauv metallurgy yog siv rau sintering hlau thiab limestone. Kev tawg-rhaub thiab hluav taws xob hlau-smelting txheej txheem tsis zoo tswj tus nqi ntawm cov khoom phom sij tawm mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, kev siv cov roj zoo uas tau teev tseg los ntawm lub neej ntawd tso cai rau koj los ua cov txheej txheem metallurgical ntau tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig.

Ntxiv rau, cov pob txha zoo li no yog siv los tsim cov hlau carbon siab rau cov carburizing theem nrab. Nyob rau hauv blast furnacesCov neeg uas muaj PCI (pulverized roj txhaj) tshuab kuj tuaj yeem siv anthracite. Ntawm no qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb yog cov dej noo ntawm cov thee uas tau muab.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov roj tau teev tseg tuaj yeem raug cua tshuab rau hauv qhov cub tawg hauv ntau. Cov thev naus laus zis no zoo heev siv los ntawm cov teb chaws ntawm Western Europe, nrog rau hauv Asia - Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, Kauslim Teb. Nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Ukraine, txoj kev no tsuas yog tau txais koob meej.

Hauv kev lag luam metallurgical, thee kuj tseem siv los ua cov hlau txo tus neeg sawv cev.

Anthracites - sorbents

Nov yog lwm qhov kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev siv cov pob txha no. Anthracite tuaj yeem siv los ntxuav cov dej haus thiab dej khib nyiab. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nws plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub lim thiab tuaj yeem hloov tau yooj yim activated charcoal. Nov yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Kev xaiv cov khoom noj muaj roj carbon ntau

Kev lag luam thee yog ib txwm muab faib ua ob ntu. Cov no suav nrog kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab coke. Tus nqi sib txawv rau cov khoom yog nyob ntawm qhov ntu thiab lwm yam. Thiab feem ntau lawv txawv.

Anthracite yog ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb ua tiav hauv ob ntu. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem nyob qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshwj xeeb rau kev siv thev naus laus zis. Tus nqi dynamics rau ib yam khoom zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv txawv segments yuav txawv, uas yog, nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj ib tug redistribution. Piv txwv li, yog tias tus nqi ntawm ib ntu rau anthracite ntog, ces rau lwm qhov nws, raws li txoj cai, loj hlob.

Anthracites ntse sib tw nrog graphite,charcoal, petroleum coke. Yog li ntawd, qhov amplitude ntawm lawv cov nqi yuav nyob ntawm tus nqi hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hlau, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm anthracite yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm lub xeev ntawm kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau kaum xyoo dhau los, qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob tau pom zoo.

Zaj lus

Raws li tag nrho cov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov thee nyuaj anthracite yog hom ntxhia tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws muaj qib siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thaum tsim hluav taws xob thiab kub kub rau kev tsim khoom. Nws yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam chemical thiab yog pheej yig. Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub thiab thev naus laus zis, nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv anthracite hauv kev lag luam. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau yav tom ntej yuav muaj kev sib txuas ntxiv ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm anthracite thiab cov thee tawv.