Kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine. General yam ntxwv ntawm Ukrainian kev lag luam

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Yuav kom muaj tus qauv tsim nyog ntawm kev ua neej nyob rau cov pej xeem, lub teb chaws txoj kev loj hlob yuav tsum muaj kev lag luam muaj zog. Qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam uas ib lub xeev tsim, nrog rau kev muaj peev xwm muag lawv, yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ruaj ntseg. Kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine pib tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thiab hnub no nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau industries.

Kev faib tawm ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine

Nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom, kev lag luam yog qhov txawv uas tsim cov khoom siv. Lwm lub npe rau pawg no yog kev lag luam hnyav. Qhov no suav nrog kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm metallurgical complex, ntoo, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, nrog rau cov tshuab tsim cov nroj tsuag thiab factories. Cov pab pawg thib ob yog kev lag luam tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv. Qhov no tsuas yog khoom noj khoom haus, lub teeb kev lag luam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab ntawm thawj pab pawg yog ntau dua. Tseem muaj cov ceg ntawm kev lag luam hauv Ukraine uas rho tawm lossis txheej txheem cov peev txheej. Thawj suav nrog tag nrho cov cheeb tsam uas koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov roj lossis cov khoom siv raw. Cov nroj tsuag ua cov txheej txheem lawv (engineering, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam).

Thaj chaw nta ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Ukraine

Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, muaj qee qhov nta ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias muaj kev faib tsis sib xws ntawm kev lag luam. Cov lag luam loj ntawm cov metallurgical complex, tshuaj nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm Ukraine. Koj tseem tuaj yeem hais txog cov chaw lag luam xws li thaj tsam Zaporozhye, Kyiv, Kharkov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws tsis muaj peev xwm zoo li no. Cov cheeb tsam no tsim khoom noj thiab koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb. Xws li thaj chaw ntawm kev lag luam muaj ntau yam tsis zoo. Ua ntej, theem ntawm cov pa phem nyob rau sab hnub tuaj yog qhov kev txiav txim siab dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev faib tsis sib npaug ntawm cov pejxeem.

Coal kev lag luam

Cov roj thiab lub zog ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev muab hluav taws xob rau pej xeem. Kev lag luam thee ntawm Ukraine tshwj xeeb hauv kev rho tawm cov thee tawv thiab nws cov kev ua haujlwm ntxiv. Cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov thee deposits yog thaj av Donetsk, ib feem ntawm Lviv thiabVolyn cheeb tsam, Dnepropetrovsk cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj lub phiab yog cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws, nws thaj tsam ncav cuag 50 txhiab km². Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov thee mining hauv Donbass yog nws qhov tob heev ntawm qhov tshwm sim, nrog rau kev saturation nrog cov pa phem. Tag nrho cov no cuam tshuam rau tus nqi roj. Lviv-Volyn thee yog qhov qis dua, tab sis nws tsis nyuaj rau kuv. Lub ntsiab deposit ntawm xim av thee yog lub Dnepropetrovsk phiab.

Roj ntau lawm thiab refining

Ukraine kev lag luam kuj suav nrog kev lag luam uas koom nrog kev tsim roj thiab ua kom zoo dua. Txog rau hnub tim, txog 130 qhov tso nyiaj ntawm cov khoom siv raw no paub. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog lub cheeb tsam Dnieper-Donetsk. Ntu Carpathian tam sim no qee qhov tsis saib xyuas. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws tshawb nrhiav yog lub Hiav Txwv Dub. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm cov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm cov roj ntau lawm, thiab nws cov reserves lawv tus kheej tsis yog li ntawd tseem ceeb. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev lag luam no yog depletion ntawm deposits, tsis txaus nyiaj rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm subsoil. Yuav kom ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau hauv tsev, cov teb chaws tuaj yeem siv cov roj av qeeg. Cov tuam txhab lag luam uas koom nrog hauv nws cov txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv Kremenchug, Lisichansk, Drohobych. Peat yog suav tias yog lwm yam roj. Ukraine muaj txaus reserves. Niaj hnub no, txog 3,000 peat deposits paub.

Lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm Ukraine

Yog tsis muaj lus tshaj tawm, peb tuaj yeem hais tias hluav taws xob tsim nyog hauv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm peb lub neej. Kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lub zog tiam yog sawv cev los ntawm thermal, nuclear thiab hydroelectric fais fab nroj tsuag.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob thermal yog ua raws li kev sib txuas ntawm cov roj (coal, gas, oil), uas muab thermal zog. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, nws hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob. Muaj ntau ntau hom chaw nres tsheb: ua ke nrog cua sov thiab lub zog thiab condensing. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab nuclear yog raws li kev siv uranium thiab plutonium ore. Piv nrog rau cov chaw nres tsheb thermal, cov chaw nres tsheb zoo li no tsis ua rau huab cua phem thiab muaj kev lag luam zoo heev vim yog siv roj tsawg. Lawv nyob hauv cheeb tsam Zaporozhye, Khmelnitsky, Nikolaev thiab Rivne. Hluav taws xob kuj tuaj yeem tsim siv dej. Nws feature yog tus nqi qis dua. Txawm li cas los xij, Ukrainian kev lag luam tsis siv nws cov dej muaj peev xwm txaus. Tam sim no, tsuas yog 7% ntawm hluav taws xob yog tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric.

Kev tsim cov hlau thiab alloys

Metallurgy yog ib qho kev lag luam uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws. Daim ntawv qhia ntawm Ukraine kev lag luam yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv metallurgical nroj tsuag, uas ob qho tib si smelt hlau (los yog cam khwb cia hlau) thiab tsim khoom los ntawm nws. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim hlau yog kev siv hluav taws xob rauv taws thiab cov pa oxygen convectors. Rolled steel yog tsim los ntawm ingots. Nws tuaj yeem yog square lossis puag ncig, lossis muaj qhov sib txawv. Ukraine kuj tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov kav dej rau cov kav dej (lawv muaj qhov loj lojtxoj kab uas hla). Lub teb chaws muaj ntau reserves ntawm raw khoom rau ferrous metallurgy. Qhov no yog ob qho tib si hlau ore thiab limestone. Manganese ores yog siv los tsim cov refractories. Txaus cov khoom lag luam thiab coke. Ministry of Industry ntawm Ukraine hais txog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm exports nyob rau hauv no kev lag luam. Cov lag luam loj nyob hauv Mariupol, Kharkov, Donetsk, Lugansk. Tsis yog-ferrous metallurgy kuj tsim. Qhov no feem ntau yog kev lag luam txhuas, tsim cov khoom siv tsawg thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig.

Engineering

theem ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuab engineering ncaj qha qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub tebchaws. Nws yog qhov kev lag luam no uas siv txhua qhov kev tsim kho tshiab, muab kev nyob zoo rau cov pej xeem. Kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine muaj txog 60 hom kev tsim khoom ntawm hom no. Lub assortment yog multifaceted: nws muaj xws li computer technologies thiab hiav txwv nkoj. Muaj ntau hom kev tshwj xeeb:

• subject, uas yog koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom kawg (tshuab, khoom siv, khoom siv);
• nodal (lub cev muaj zog, tsim rau cov khoom kawg);
• detailed (tsim ntawm tus kheej qhov chaw);
• technological (coatings, blanks).

Raws li cov ntsiab lus dav dav, qhov kev lag luam no tau koom nrog ntau hom tshuab, khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab tseem suav nrog kev thauj mus los. Raws li hom kev siv, cov khoom siv pej xeem thiab cov khoom siv tiv thaiv yog qhov txawv. Kev tso chaw ntawm cov lag luam yog qhov dawb heev, vim nws tsis nyob ntawm cov peev txheej. Lawv feem ntau nyob hauv thaj tsam nrog kev tshawb fawb zoolub hauv paus thiab tus naj npawb txaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog. Mechanical engineering nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Kyiv thiab Lvov. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog cov neeg siv kawg. Shipbuilding yog concentrated nyob rau hauv Odessa, Mariupol. Kharkiv yog lub chaw loj rau kev tsim cov tshuab ua liaj ua teb. Kev lag luam automotive yog kev lag luam nrov heev. Kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no nyob hauv Lutsk, Lvov, Zaporozhye.

Tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine

Tus ceg ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws no sau cov kev tshuaj xyuas sib xyaw. Ntawm ib sab, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv uas tsis muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws cov lag luam ua paug ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, nws yog sawv cev los ntawm zus tau tej cov dyes, varnishes, yas khoom, tshuaj nyob rau hauv tsev. Ib qho ntawm cov chaw yog tshuaj. Nws tsim cov tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab mob. Cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw muag tshuaj yog tsom rau hauv Kyiv, Lvov thiab Kharkov. Nws tseem tsim nyog hais txog kev lag luam petrochemical, uas yog koom nrog kev tsim cov log tsheb, carbon dub. Muaj plaub thaj chaw tseem ceeb uas qhov kev lag luam no tau tsim zoo heev: Donetsk, Dub Hiav Txwv, Pridneprovsky thiab Carpathian. Niaj hnub no, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tsim cov pob zeb hauv av chiv, plastics, organic synthesis khoom.

Lub teeb kev lag luam

Hnub no hauv Ukraine muaj txog 2000 lub tuam txhab tsim khoomntaub, khaub ncaws, khau. Txawm li cas los xij, piv nrog rau qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, qhov ntsuas ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam tau poob qis heev. Cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem kuj tau ntsib los ntawm kev xa tawm ntau heev. Kev lag luam linen siv cov ntaub ntawv raw hauv tsev, dhau li ntawm Ukraine yog tus xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv no. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov lag luam tshwm sim uas xaws khaub ncaws los ntawm fabrics mas los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws. Lub teeb kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine kuj suav nrog cov plaub thiab tawv kev lag luam (cov khoom siv raw yog siv hauv tsev). Ib lub chaw paub zoo rau kev tsim cov tsho plaub thiab lwm yam khoom plaub yog lub nroog Tysmenitsa (Ivano-Frankivsk cheeb tsam). Cov lag luam tshwj xeeb hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus knitwear yog tsom rau hauv cheeb tsam Poltava. Linen kev lag luam factories feem ntau nyob rau hauv Volyn, Rovno, Zhitomir cheeb tsam. Nkawm khau ua nyob rau hauv Ukraine kuj tsim nyog mloog vim lawv zoo tailoring. Cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom yog Lvov, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkiv.

khoom noj khoom haus

Cov lag luam koom nrog hauv kev npaj cov khoom rau kev noj, lawv cov kev ua haujlwm, yuav luag thoob plaws hauv Ukraine. Txhua cheeb tsam muaj nws tus kheej bakeries thiab khoom noj siv mis. Kev lag luam qab zib yog tsim tau zoo hauv 19 cheeb tsam. Cov chaw ua zaub mov loj nyob hauv Kyiv, Donetsk, Odessa, Lvov thiab lwm lub nroog. Kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus ntawm Ukraine tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev tsim cov roj sunflower, ntau hom wines, zib ntab. Tseem muaj cov tuam txhab uas muagkoom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub preserves. Lawv yog cov concentrated hauv Odessa, Kherson, Zaporozhye.

Agriculture

Kev lig kev cai, Ukraine yog lub tebchaws uas muaj kev ua liaj ua teb loj heev. Vim lub peculiarities ntawm cov av, yields yog heev loj thiab high quality. Muaj ob qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam - tsiaj txhu thiab cog qoob loo. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, txoj hauj lwm ua yog nyob los ntawm zus tau tej cov nplej qoob loo, legumes, thiab qos yaj ywm. Qab zib beet thiab lwm yam zaub kuj loj hlob ntau. Lwm qhov kev taw qhia yog kev tsim cov qoob loo ntawm cov txiv ntseej. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tsis txhob hnov qab txog berries thiab nceb. Tsiaj txhu yog koom nrog kev yug tsiaj npua, yaj, ntau hom nqaij qaib. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau lub chaw ua liaj ua teb me me uas tsim cov khoom zoo.