2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Kev vam meej niaj hnub nyuaj rau xav txog yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws yog tsim nyog tshem lawv, yuav ua li cas lub ntiaj teb no yuav hloov. Los yog tej zaum txawm tias tag nrho cov kev vam meej uas twb paub lawm yuav ploj mus. Ib lub pob zeb zoo li no yog kev siv zog. Qhov no yog ib yam dab tsi uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau rau cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo, sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab ntau ntxiv.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Pib nrog lub ntsiab lus. Kev siv hluav taws xob yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev muab cov neeg siv khoom nrog txhua yam tsim nyog ntawm lub zog, nrog rau lawv cov nqa khoom, uas tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj. Dab tsi ua lub luag haujlwm loj ntawm no? Cov neeg nqa khoom! Cov uas tam sim no siv los yog siv tau rau yav tom ntej yog hu ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lawv yog cov thawj (primary) thiab theem nrab. Hauv thawj kis nws yog:
- Roj av. Nws suav nrog cov thee, peat, shale.
- roj ua kua. Nws suav nrog cov roj thiab nws cov derivatives, xws li roj roj, kerosene,hnub ci roj.
- Roj. Nws suav nrog kev cuam tshuam, ntuj tsim, condensate thiab cov roj hluavtaws.
- Air.
- Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
- Air cais khoom. Cov no yog oxygen thiab nitrogen.
- tub yees.
- Hydrogen.
dej txias
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thib ob - qhov no yog qhov tau txais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv kev siv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lawv yuav tsis/combustible.
Lub zog xav tau
Ntau cov chaw xav tau hluav taws xob, dej thiab cua sov. Yog hais tias kev sib tham tig mus rau cov tuam txhab loj lossis cov chaw muaj kev ruaj ntseg uas muaj lawv lub tsev boiler lossis cov chaw tsim khoom, ces cov roj yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau. Nyob ntawm cov kev siv thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov thev naus laus zis, tej zaum yuav xav tau huab cua, txias, thiab lwm yam. Kev siv hluav taws xob yog thaj chaw dav dav nrog ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab.
Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam thiab chaw lag luam
Kev lag luam hluav taws xob yog lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog cov txheej txheem tsim, hloov pauv, xa tawm thiab siv kev teeb tsa, los ntawm kev muab txhua yam tsim nyog tau ua. Tib lub sijhawm, cov cai hauv qab no tau muab tso rau:
- Ua kom ntseeg tau qib uas xav tau. Nws suav nrog kev tsim cov txheej txheem uas yuav nthuav tawm. Feem ntau lawv yog formulated nyob rau hauv lub tsev code nyob rau hauv quab yuam.cov cai, cov lus qhia thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv.
- Ua kom lub zog zoo (lossis roj). Qhov no yog muab rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas nws qhov kev ua tau zoo cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lossis cov khoom sib txuas.
- Yooj yim, nyab xeeb thiab yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab siv. Qhov no yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke, nrog rau cov khoom siv prefabricated. Piv txwv suav nrog cov chav tsev ntawm cov cuab yeej siv nyuaj, cov chaw hloov pauv hloov pauv, cov nroj tsuag capacitor thiab lwm yam.
Dab tsi yuav xav txog?
Ntxiv rau cov uas tau teev tseg lawm, koj yuav tsum nqa:
- Xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntxiv thiab siv tau hauv xya mus rau kaum xyoo tom ntej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, peev reconstruction ntawm ib tug twb tsim system yuav tsum tsis txhob nqa tawm. Txhawm rau ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab cov qauv tsim kom raug thiab xaiv cov kev daws teeb meem tsim nyog.
- Ua kom muaj kev lag luam ntawm kev khiav haujlwm. Yuav kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ntau yam txuj ci thiab koom haum. Lawv yuav tsum muab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm tag nrho cov nqi tsim nyog, raws li kev ua tiav ntawm cov kev xav tau yav dhau los, nrog rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov hom phiaj npaj. Tag nrho cov no yog tswj hwm los ntawm tsab xov xwm No. 539-548 ntawm Civil Code ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.
Kev sib raug zoo
Lub sijhawm no yog tswj hwm los ntawm kab lus 539. Nws muab rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav daim ntawv cog lus muab hluav taws xob. Nws yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceebkev sib raug zoo uas tau pauv mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj cai tam sim no. Cais, yuav tsum tau hais txog cov cai thiab cov luag num uas ob tog muaj. Muaj ib daim ntawv teev meej uas lawv yuav tsum ua raws. Tag nrho cov no yuav tsum tau xav txog hauv daim ntawv cog lus xaus, uas ua raws li Txoj Cai Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob tau tsim. Txwv tsis pub, tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv txoj cai lij choj.
About power supply
Ntawm txhua qhov sib txawv uas muab lub zog muab, qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Fais fab mov yog to taub raws li ib tug complex ntawm technical txhais tau tias, raws li zoo raws li lub koom haum kev ntsuas uas muab rau cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob raws li daim ntawv cog lus xaus. Nws tuaj yeem yog sab hauv thiab sab nraud. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug complex ntawm tes hauj lwm thiab substations uas nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov neeg siv khoom yog implied. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud yog cov chaw muab kev xa hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw sib txuas rau lub zog hluav taws xob mus rau qhov chaw siv. Yog tsis muaj tag nrho cov no, feem ntau, ntau lwm cov txiaj ntsig tsis muaj. Piv txwv li, dej, cua sov, teeb pom kev zoo, nkag mus rau lub Ntiaj Teb Wide Web, nrog rau ntau yam paub.
Accounting
Kev siv hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas yam tsis tau saib xyuas. Chav tsev ntawm tus account rau hluav taws xob yog kilowatt-teev. Cov neeg siv khoom yuav tsum tau them ib qho nyiaj txhua hli. Nws yog xam los ntawm kev muab tus nqi se los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm kilowatt-teev siv. Feem ntau, qhov no yog sivcounter indicators. Kev nyeem ntawv los ntawm nws feem ntau yog muab rau cov neeg siv khoom nws tus kheej. Txawm hais tias tus neeg muag khoom muaj cai tswj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thiab tshem tawm ntawm nws tus kheej.
Offline Solutions
Nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws, muaj cov nqi hluav taws xob nce ntxiv. Koj tuaj yeem yws txog qhov xwm txheej no lossis tswj xyuas qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem siv cov thev naus laus zis txuag hluav taws xob - lub teeb qhov muag teev, cov phab ntsa rwb thaiv tsev, dej siab limiters. Yog tias muaj xwm txheej tso cai (nyob hauv ib lub tsev ntiag tug), ces qhov kev daws teeb meem muaj ntau ntxiv. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau tshaj li muab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb lub tsev siv thaj tsam ntawm plaub square metres, yog tias muaj huab cua tshav ntuj. Ntxiv mus, cov hluav taws xob tsim tau tuaj yeem muab khaws cia rau hauv cov roj teeb tshwj xeeb lossis tseem muag rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Cov tshuab no tau siv ntau tshaj ib kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej. Tau ntev tau muaj cov sij hawm hauv keeb kwm thaum qhov ua tau zoo rau lawv tsuas yog ob peb feem pua. Tam sim no nws twb tau ntsuas ob tus lej thiab tuaj yeem them tawm hauv ob peb xyoos xwb.
Tshaj tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm hnub ci zog
Nws tsis muaj qhov zais cia, txawm tias muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb, tsis yog txhua qhov chaw tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev vam meej. Ib qho piv txwv yoggas qhov xwm txheej. Zoo li muaj ntau yam ntawm nws. Thiab peb tau txais ntau heev. Peb txawm export. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau lub tsev uas tsis muaj cua sov hauv nruab nrab, roj rau kev ua noj, thiab lwm yam. Yuav ua li cas rau qhov no? Lwm txoj kev xaiv tab tom nrhiav. Koj tuaj yeem ua raws li koj cov poj koob yawm txwv taw thiab hlawv taws rau cua sov thiab ua noj. Tab sis tag nrho cov hauj lwm no tuaj yeem ua tau nrog kev pab ntawm hluav taws xob. Nws yog tsim rau ob lub qhov cub hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob cua sov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj teeb meem emissions rau hauv huab cua uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag siv los ua lub zog rau ib lub tsev yuav muaj ntau tshaj li qhov txaus los muab tag nrho cov kev xav tau. Tab sis lawv tsis yog tib qho kev xaiv muaj. Koj tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau cua zog. Ntawm ib sab, nws yog qhov ruaj khov dua, ntxiv rau, nws tsim nyog rau peb cov xwm txheej sab qaum teb. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, tau txais nws tseem kim heev.
Cov Teeb Meem Kev Ntseeg
Thaum nws los txog rau lub hwj chim, cov neeg siv khoom ntawm no tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg. Namely, muaj xws li hom ntawm lawv:
- Cov neeg siv hluav taws xob ntawm qeb I. Cov no suav nrog cov uas muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem rau lub neej, ua rau cov khoom tseem ceeb poob, kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, cov khoom lag luam loj, tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, thiabkev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv pej xeem. Ntawm no, ib pab pawg neeg siv tau cais tawm nyias, kev ua haujlwm tsis cuam tshuam uas tsim nyog txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev hem thawj rau cov pej xeem, hluav taws kub thiab tawg.
- Cov neeg siv hluav taws xob ntawm qeb II. Hauv qhov no, nws tau nkag siab tias qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev poob qis loj ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, kev thauj mus los, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm cov neeg nyob deb nroog thiab nroog loj.
- Cov neeg siv hluav taws xob ntawm qeb III. Nov yog txhua tus uas tsis poob raws li cov ntsiab lus saum toj no.
Zaj lus
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, kev siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev, kev lag luam, tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kho mob tsis yooj yim li nws yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Ua tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, koj tuaj yeem muab tag nrho rau, txawm tias lub tsev nyob ntau pua mais ntawm qhov ze tshaj plaws ntau dua lossis tsawg dua qhov chaw loj. Piv txwv li, qhov chaw hauv taiga. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tau muab tag nrho rau txhua yam. Piv txwv li, cov tsev kho mob, tsev kho mob thiab cov tsev kho mob hnyav tuaj yeem muaj cov peev txheej txhawb nqa. Tab sis raws li txoj cai, cov no tsis yog tsim los rau kev siv lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov roj av thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob diesel. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm noob neej, tab sis tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas koj tuaj yeem cia siab rau. Tab sis rau pej xeem infrastructure, cov technologies tshiab tseem tsis tau muaj nqis.
Pom zoo:
Lub chaw hluav taws xob yog dab tsi? Hluav taws xob substations thiab switchgear
Trams thiab trolleybuses xav tau qhov hluav taws xob tsis hloov pauv, tab sis tas li. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj ib qho chaw muaj zog heev. Hluav taws xob lub zog yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau nws, uas yog, nws yog rectified
Kev Siv Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Siv Hluav Taws Xob
Txhawm rau txo qis ib puag ncig cov pa phem, cov cub tawg tshwj xeeb yog siv los pov tseg cov khib nyiab lom. Cov txheej txheem no yog ua los ntawm kev faib cov khib nyiab uas twb muaj lawm
Kev lag luam fais fab - yog dab tsi? Kev tsim kho thiab teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv Russia
Hluav taws xob yog ib qho kev lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Koj paub dab tsi txog nws?
Guaranteed hluav taws xob tsum yog Daim ntawv teev cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
SOE (Guaranteed Electricity Supplier) yog tsoomfwv tswj hwm lub tuam txhab muag khoom hluav taws xob. Nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab qhov kev pom zoo rau kev muab hluav taws xob nrog txhua tus neeg siv khoom siv nyob hauv nws qhov chaw pabcuam
Yuav siv cov tshuaj tua hluav taws dab tsi los tua hluav taws xob thaum muaj hluav taws kub?
Hluav taws xob thaiv hluav taws xob yog qhov txaus ntshai heev. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tua hluav taws yuav tsum muaj txiaj ntsig txaus los tua nws. Cov ntsiab lus no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua lub koom haum lossis kev lag luam uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb hluav taws xav tau cov tshuaj tua hluav taws. Lawv yuav tsum yog dab tsi? Xav txog yam kev tua hluav taws uas koj tuaj yeem tua hluav taws xob, suav nrog lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab lub xeev tam sim no ntawm daim phiaj hluav taws xob