Lub chaw hluav taws xob yog dab tsi? Hluav taws xob substations thiab switchgear

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-09 14:11

Electrical engineers paub lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab chaw nres tsheb yog dab tsi, lawv yog dab tsi thiab lawv ua haujlwm li cas. Lawv paub yuav ua li cas los xam lawv lub hwj chim thiab tag nrho cov tsim nyog tsis, xws li tus naj npawb ntawm lem, hlau hla ntu thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub magnetic Circuit Court. Qhov no yog qhia rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv technical universities thiab technical schools. Cov neeg uas muaj kev ywj pheej keeb kwm yav dhau los kwv yees tias cov qauv, feem ntau sawv ib leeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tsev tsis muaj qhov rais (cov neeg nyiam graffiti nyiam pleev xim rau lawv), xav tau los muab lub zog rau tsev thiab kev lag luam, thiab lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob nkag mus, cov cim txaus ntshai hauv daim ntawv. ntawm pob txha taub hau thiab xob laim hais lus eloquently txog qhov no txuas nrog cov khoom txaus ntshai. Tej zaum ntau tsis tas yuav paub ntau ntxiv, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv yeej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.

me ntsis ntawm physics

Hluav taws xob yog ib yam khoom uas koj yuav tsum tau them, thiab nws yuav txaj muag yog tias nws nkim. Thiab qhov no, raws li nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tsim khoom, yog ib qho inevitable, txoj hauj lwm tsuas yog los txo qhov tsis tsim nyog poob. Lub zog sib npaug ntawm lub zog sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm, yog li hauv kev xav ntxiv peb tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog lub tswv yim no, yog liyuav ua li cas lub sij hawm ntws tas li, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tig rov qab, raws li zaj nkauj hais. Lub zog hluav taws xob, nyob rau hauv qhov kev kwv yees ntxhib, tsis suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, yog sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tam sim no. Yog tias peb xav txog nws kom meej meej, cov cosine phi yuav nkag mus rau hauv cov mis, uas txiav txim siab qhov piv ntawm kev siv lub zog nrog nws cov khoom tseem ceeb, hu ua active. Tab sis qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb no tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov lus nug ntawm vim li cas thiaj li yuav tsum muaj lub substation. Lub zog hluav taws xob yog li nyob ntawm ob qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Ohm's thiab Joule-Lenz txoj cai, qhov hluav taws xob thiab tam sim no. Tam sim no me me thiab siab voltage tuaj yeem tsim lub zog tib yam li vice versa, siab tam sim no thiab tsawg voltage. Nws yuav zoo li, qhov txawv li cas? Thiab nws yog, thiab loj heev.

Cua sov? Hluav taws

Yog li, yog tias koj siv cov qauv siv lub zog, koj tau txais cov hauv qab no:

P=U x I, qhov twg:

U yog qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas hauv Volts;

Kuv ntsuas tam sim no hauv Amps;P yog lub zog ntsuas hauv Watts lossis Volt -Amps.

Tab sis muaj lwm cov qauv uas piav qhia txog txoj cai Joule-Lenz twb tau hais lawm, raws li lub zog thermal tso tawm thaum lub sijhawm tam sim no sib npaug rau square ntawm nws qhov loj, sib npaug los ntawm qhov tsis kam ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib. Cua sov cua nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hwj chim kab txhais tau tias nkim zog. Raws li txoj cai, cov kev poob no tuaj yeem txo tau ob txoj hauv kev. Thawj ntawm lawv muaj qhov txo qis hauv kev tiv thaiv, uas yog, thickening ntawm cov xov hlau. Qhov loj ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, qhov qis qhov tsis kam, thiabrov qab. Tab sis kuv kuj tsis xav nkim hlau hauv vain, nws kim, tooj liab tom qab tag nrho. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv ob npaug ntawm cov khoom siv coj los siv yuav ua rau tsis yog tsuas yog nce tus nqi xwb, tab sis kuj rau qhov hnyav, uas, dhau los, yuav ua rau muaj kev nce hauv qhov nyuaj ntawm kev txhim kho cov kab siab. Thiab kev txhawb nqa yuav tsum muaj zog dua. Thiab kev poob yuav tsuas yog halved.

Kev txiav txim siab

Txhawm rau txo cov cua sov ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob thaum lub sijhawm xa hluav taws xob, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txo cov nqi tam sim no. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb heev, vim hais tias ib nrab ntawm nws yuav ua rau muaj plaub npaug ntawm kev poob. Yuav ua li cas yog kaum zaug? Qhov kev vam khom yog quadratic, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov poob yuav yog ib puas npaug tsawg dua! Tab sis lub zog yuav tsum yog "s viav vias" zoo ib yam, uas yog xav tau los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tos nws ntawm lwm qhov kawg ntawm txoj kab xa hluav taws xob, qee zaum ntau pua kilometers ntawm lub tshuab fais fab. Cov lus xaus qhia nws tus kheej tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nce qhov voltage los ntawm tib tus nqi raws li qhov tam sim no raug txo. Lub transformer substation thaum pib ntawm cov kab sib kis tau tsim los rau qhov no xwb. Cov xaim tawm ntawm nws nyob rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob siab heev, ntsuas hauv kaum ntawm kilovolts. Thoob plaws hauv qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kev sib cais ntawm thermal fais fab nroj tsuag, hydroelectric power station los yog nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag los ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tau hais, lub zog mus nrog ib tug me me (kwv yees) tam sim no. Cov neeg siv khoom, ntawm qhov tod tes, yuav tsum tau txais lub zog nrog cov txheej txheem muab, uas nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws sib raug rau 220 volts (los yog 380 V interphase). Tam sim no peb xav tau tsis yog ib qho kev nce qib, xws li ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tab sis ib theem-down substation. Lub zog hluav taws xob yog muab rau cov khoom siv xa tawm kom cov teeb pom kev hauv tsev, thiabtshuab rotors tau spinning hauv factories.

Dab tsi hauv lub rooj muag khoom?

Los ntawm cov saum toj no, nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub chaw nres tsheb yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab feem ntau yog peb theem. Tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb. Piv txwv li, peb-theem transformer tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm peb theem ib zaug. Tus naj npawb loj dua tuaj yeem yog vim kev siv hluav taws xob ntau. Tus tsim ntawm cov cuab yeej no txawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, nws muaj impressive qhov ntev. Lub zog ntau dua yog muab rau cov neeg siv khoom, qhov loj dua cov qauv zoo li. Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, txawm li cas los xij, yog qhov nyuaj dua, thiab suav nrog ntau tshaj li qhov hloov pauv. Kuj tseem muaj cov cuab yeej tsim los hloov thiab tiv thaiv chav tsev kim, thiab feem ntau yog rau nws cov cua txias. Qhov hluav taws xob ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb thiab cov chaw nres tsheb tseem muaj cov keyboards nruab nrog cov khoom siv tswj thiab ntsuas.

YTransformer

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no yog xa lub zog rau cov neeg siv khoom. Ua ntej xa, qhov hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv, thiab tom qab tau txais nws, txo qis rau qib txheem.

Nrog rau txhua qhov tseeb tias lub voj voog ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob suav nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus, qhov tseem ceeb tseem yog qhov hloov pauv. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov khoom siv no hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob muaj zog. Lub transformer muaj windings (thaum pib thiab theem nrab) thiab ib tug sib nqus Circuit Court ua los ntawm ib tug ferromagnet, uas yog, ib yam khoom (hlau) uas amplifates lub magnetic teb. Kev suavntawm cov cuab yeej no yog ib txoj haujlwm kev kawm txuj ci rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm txuj ci. Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm lub substation transformer thiab nws tsis tshua muaj zog counterparts, uas yog conspicuous, ntxiv rau qhov loj, yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug txias system, uas yog ib tug txheej ntawm cov roj pipelines encircling lub rhuab windings. Kev tsim hluav taws xob substations, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim, vim muaj ntau yam yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account, xws li cov xwm txheej huab cua mus rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub load.

Lub zog muaj zog

Nws tsis yog tsev thiab lag luam uas siv hluav taws xob xwb. Txhua yam yog qhov tseeb ntawm no, koj yuav tsum siv 220 volts AC txheeb ze rau lub tsheb npav nruab nrab lossis 380 V ntawm theem ntawm qhov zaus ntawm 50 Hertz. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev thauj mus los hauv nroog. Trams thiab trolleybuses xav tau qhov hluav taws xob tsis hloov pauv, tab sis tas li. Thiab txawv. Yuav tsum muaj 750 Volts ntawm cov xov hlau sib txuas ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau (xws li hauv av, uas yog, lub tsheb ciav hlau), thiab lub tsheb ciav hlau xav tau xoom ntawm ib tus neeg xyuas pib thiab 600 Volts DC ntawm lwm qhov, roj hmab log tiv thaiv yog insulators. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj ib qho chaw muaj zog heev. Hluav taws xob lub zog yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau nws, uas yog, nws yog rectified. Nws lub hwj chim loj heev, tam sim no hauv Circuit Court yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv ntau txhiab amperes. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no hu ua cov khoom siv cua ntsawj ntshab.

substation tiv thaiv

Ob lub transformer thiab lub hwj chim rectifier (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm traction fais fab mov) yog kim. Yog muajQhov xwm txheej kub ntxhov, xws li luv luv Circuit Court, ib qho tam sim no yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub voj voog thib ob (thiab, yog li, thawj qhov). Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm cov conductors tsis suav. Cov hluav taws xob transformer substation yuav pib ua kom sov vim yog cov hluav taws xob tiv thaiv hluav taws xob. Yog tias qhov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis tau pom dua, tom qab ntawd vim yog qhov luv luv hauv ib qho ntawm cov kab peripheral, cov hlau winding yuav yaj lossis hlawv. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no tshwm sim, siv ntau txoj hauv kev. Cov no yog qhov sib txawv, roj thiab kev tiv thaiv overcurrent.

Differential sib piv cov nqi tam sim no hauv Circuit Court thiab qhov thib ob winding. Kev tiv thaiv roj yog qhib thaum combustion khoom ntawm rwb thaiv tsev, roj, thiab lwm yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Kev tiv thaiv tam sim no tua lub transformer thaum lub tam sim no tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi.

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob substation yuav tsum cia li kaw kuj yog thaum muaj hluav taws xob.

Nyob ntawm substations

Lawv sib txawv ntawm lub zog, lub hom phiaj thiab khoom siv. Cov ntawm lawv uas ua haujlwm tsuas yog nce lossis txo qhov voltage hu ua transformer. Yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv hauv lwm qhov kev ntsuas kuj tseem yuav tsum tau ua (kev kho kom raug lossis qhov kev ruaj ntseg zaus), ces lub substation hu ua transforming substation.

Raws li lawv cov qauv tsim, cov chaw nres tsheb tuaj yeem txuas nrog, ua-hauv (nyob ib sab ntawm qhov chaw tseem ceeb), intrashop (nyob hauv cov chaw tsim khoom) lossis sawv cev rau lub tsev pabcuam cais. Qee zaum, thaum lub zog siab tsis tas yuav tsum tau (thaum npaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xobme me), cov qauv mast ntawm substations yog siv. Qee lub sij hawm lub zog xa hluav taws xob ntau yog siv los tso lub tshuab hloov pauv, uas txhua yam khoom tsim nyog tau teeb tsa (fuses, ntes, disconnectors, thiab lwm yam).

Hluav taws xob cov tes hauj lwm thiab cov chaw nres tsheb yog cais los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob (txog 1000 kV lossis ntau dua, uas yog, qhov hluav taws xob siab) thiab lub zog (piv txwv li, los ntawm 150 VA txog 16 txhiab kVA).

Raws li schematic kos npe ntawm kev sib txuas sab nraud, substations tau muab faib ua nodal, tuag-kawg, dhau mus thiab ceg.

Inside cell

Qhov chaw nyob hauv lub chaw nres tsheb, uas cov transformers, busbars thiab cov khoom siv uas ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov cuab yeej, hu ua chamber. Nws tuaj yeem thaiv los yog kaw. Qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev ntawm alienating nws los ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig yog me me. Lub kaw chamber yog ib chav cais kiag li, thiab lub fenced yog nyob tom qab cov phab ntsa uas tsis yog khoom (mesh lossis lattice). Lawv tau tsim, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm cov tuam txhab kev lag luam raws li tus qauv tsim. Kev saib xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ua los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais kev tso cai thiab tsim nyog tsim nyog, tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tso cai ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob siab. Kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb yog ua los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij lossis tus kws tshaj lij fais fab ntawm lub luag haujlwm, nyob ze ntawm lub rooj hloov pauv loj, uas yuav nyob deb ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb.

Kev faib tawm

Muaj lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb uas lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab ua haujlwm. Hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog faib nruab nrab ntawmcov neeg siv khoom raws li lawv cov qauv, thiab tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev thauj khoom ntawm peb theem yuav tsum sib xws li qhov ua tau. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm no kom tiav, muaj cov khoom siv faib khoom. Lub switchgear ua haujlwm ntawm tib qhov hluav taws xob thiab muaj cov khoom siv uas ua haujlwm hloov thiab tiv thaiv kab los ntawm overload. Lub switchgear txuas nrog lub transformer los ntawm fuses thiab breakers (ib leeg-ncej, ib qho rau txhua theem). Cov khoom siv faib tawm raws li qhov chaw tau muab faib ua qhib (nyob rau hauv qhov qhib cua) thiab kaw (nyob hauv tsev).

Kev nyab xeeb

Txhua txoj haujlwm ua nyob rau hauv lub chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob raug cais raws li kev pheej hmoo tshwj xeeb, yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum muaj kev ntsuas kub ceev los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Hauv paus, kev kho thiab kev saib xyuas yog nqa tawm nrog kev ua kom tiav lossis ib nrab ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tom qab qhov hluav taws xob raug txiav tawm (cov kws hluav taws xob hais tias "tshem tawm"), yog tias tag nrho cov kev tsim nyog kam rau ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, cov khoom nqa tam sim no yog hauv av los tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum cai. Cov cim ceeb toom "Tib neeg ua haujlwm" thiab "Tsis txhob qhib!" kuj yog rau qhov no. Cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam high-voltage substations tau raug cob qhia, thiab cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub tau raug saib xyuas ib ntus. Qhov Kev Pom Zoo No 4 muab txoj cai ua haujlwm ntawm kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob tshaj 1 kV.