2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Hlau yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm hlau thiab carbon. Cov hom khoom siv no tau txiav txim siab tsis yog vim qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb, tab sis raws li impurities thiab additives uas ua rau cov khoom sib txawv thiab cov yam ntxwv.
Hom hlau, raws li txoj cai ntawm tus nqi, tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg: pheej yig, nrov thiab kim. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom, qhov nyuaj ntawm nws cov khoom. Ntxiv mus, tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tsis zoo lossis zoo alloy, vim tias cov khoom no muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv uas ua tau raws li qee yam xwm txheej. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no tuaj yeem pom yog tias peb xav txog, piv txwv li, 440 steel.
Hlau Cheebtsam
Cov hlau zoo yuav tsum muaj ib txhij los ntawm kev hnav tsis kam, lub zog, elasticity, ductility, rigidity, anti-corrosion peev xwm thiab sharpening endurance. Hauv kev xyaum, yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom no cuam tshuam ib leeg. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm alloy lub luag haujlwm rau hardness thiab rigidity yog carbon. Cov tshuaj uas muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm nws suav nrog cov uas muaj qhov concentration ntawm qhov noCov khoom siv tshuaj yog ntau tshaj 0.5%. Chromium hlau tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov cuab yeej ntawm kev hnav tsis kam thiab tsis tshua muaj siab rau corrosion. Yog tias nws qib ntau dua 13%, ces nws yog cov khoom tsis muaj stainless.
Cov nplej, lub zog, rigidity muab cov hlau manganese. Nws yog siv nyob rau theem ntawm forging thiab dov. Qhov no yog lub npe hu ua deoxidized steel.
Ua kom cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv no tsis nkig thiab nkig thiab tib lub sijhawm tiv taus cua sov, molybdenum ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub alloy yog hu ua cua-hardening.
Pab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm corrosion thiab hardens npib tsib xee. Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub fortress muab silicon rau cov khoom siv. Tungsten thiab vanadium muab lub zog alloy thiab hnav tsis kam.
Txheej txheem steel qib 440
440 steel yog hais txog cov khoom siv tsis zoo. Nws yog siv tsuas yog rau kev tsim cov riam, lub tsev tsim. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm no alloy yog corrosion kuj thiab siab zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov zoo ntawm cov koob no yog tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, dej, zaub mov, tsis muaj zog acids thiab alkalis.
Steel qib 440 suav nrog subspecies 440A, 440B, 440C, nrog rau 440A series yog softer dua lwm tus, thiab 440C nyuaj dua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov downside ntawm 440C yog brittleness thiab kuj tsis tshua muaj xeb kuj piv rau 440A thiab 440B. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nrog ntev kev sib cuag nrog cov dej noo los yog aggressive ib puag ncig, corrosion yuav tshwm sim. Txawm hais tias ntxiv cov khoom tiv thaiv xebmuab rau cov hlau no vim yog polished nto.
Nws tsis pom zoo kom siv 440 steel ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj nws cov cua sov thaum lub sij hawm tempering, xws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no cov neeg kho tshuab zog ntawm lub alloy yuav ploj.
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm 440 steel
Steel 440, cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, raws li cov koob, muaj cov ntsiab lus qhia hauv qab no.
| tshuaj lom neeg | Brand 440A | Brand 440V | Brand 440 |
| Carbon | 0, 6-0, 75 | 0, 75-0, 95 | 0, 95-1, 2 |
| Chrome | 16-18 | 16-18 | 17-18 |
|
Manganese |
1 | 1 | 1 |
| Vanadium | - | - | - |
| YMolybdenum | 0, 75 | - | 0, 75 |
| Nickel | - | - | - |
| Silicon | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub rooj, cov ntsiab lus qis tshaj plaws hauv 440A series, qhov siab tshaj plaws - 440C, uas yog, qib kawg yog qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws, thiab thawj zaug yog feem ntau tiv taus corrosion. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov koob ntawm cov hom no yog qhov zoo heev thiab ua haujlwm siab zoo.
Lub cev lub cev thiab kev kho cua sov ntawm 440 stainless hlau
Steel 440 tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev rau series A, B thiab C muaj cov hauv qab no:
- khoom ceev - 7650kg/cu. m;
- modulus ntawm elasticity - 200 GPa;
- thermal conductivity - 242 W / m kb.;
- tshwj xeeb kub muaj peev xwm - 460 J / kg.kb.;
- hluav taws xob tiv taus - 600.
Lub hardness ntawm 440 steel txawv ntawm 56-58 units.
Qhov nruab nrab coefficient ntawm thermal expansion, uas yog ntsuas hauv mm / m / degrees Celsius, rau 440A series yog 10.1; 440V - 10, 3; 440С - 11, 7.
Kev kho cua sov ntawm cov khoom no mus dhau cov theem hauv qab no:
- nco;
- khaw;
- vacation.
Annealing tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub ntawm +850-900 degrees Celsius, tom qab ntawd txo qis mus rau _600. Kev txias yuav tshwm sim los ntawm huab cua. Tom qab ntawd - cov txheej txheem ntawm damped annealing ntawm 735-785 degrees thiab txias hauv qhov cub.
Hardening yog nqa tawm ntawm +1010-1065 degrees Celsius. Quenching - nrog roj sov lossis cua.
Hnub so yuav siv qhov chaw ntawm qhov kub ntawm +150-370 degrees, vim tias cov khoom tau muab qhov tsim nyog hardness. Ntawm ntau yam khoom siv xws li steel 440, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov khoom siv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qib 440C. Qhov no alloy yog qhov kim tshaj plaws thiab txhim khu kev qha. Nws txhais cov qauv zoo rau cov khoom.
440 steel daim ntawv thov
440 stainless hlau feem ntau yog siv los ua riam. Rolled Tshuag ntawm no alloy yog npaj rau lub tsev cov khoom uas muaj welded los yog lwm yam kev sib txuas.
Daim ntawv tiavcov khoom yog tsim nrog lub thickness ntawm 4 mus rau 50 hli. 440 steel tsis xav tau cua sov ntxiv thiab kev kho cua sov thaum vuam nrog nws. Yooj yim thiab txhim khu kev qha alloy rau zus tau tej cov bearings, qhov chaw ntawm pipeline fittings.
Los ntawm hom 440A lawv tsim riam loj clumsy, suav nrog rau kev ua haujlwm hauv dej, tua tsiaj. Hniav los ntawm 440C series muaj cov cuab yeej txiav zoo thiab kev ua kom zoo zoo, yog li cov hlau no yog siv los tsim cov cuab yeej txiav cov neeg tseem ceeb.
Koj yuav tsum paub thaum yuav riam uas cim "440" uas tsis tshua kim alloy yog siv ntawm no - 440A. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev siv kim kim 440V thiab 440C kev sib txuas, manufacturers ib txwm them sai sai rau qhov no.
lwm hom khoom
Muaj ntau cov qib hloov pauv uas tuaj yeem hloov cov hlau no. Piv txwv li, 440A / B series muaj cov khoom ntxiv uas txhim kho corrosion kuj. 440F steel muaj zoo machinability rau tib lub zog. Qib 420 yog qhov qis dua ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv hauv qhov tawv, 416 series tau nce kev ua haujlwm, tab sis kev ntseeg qis dua.
Yog tias riam yog tsim los ntawm hom 440A thiab nws cov analogues, ces cov khoom zoo li no haum rau kev siv txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsim nyog xav txog qhov zoo ntawm hardening. Cog tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej zoo hauv cov txheej txheem no. Rendell tsuas yog tsim 440V steel riam.
Pom zoo:
Usinskoye teb: cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm thev naus laus zis
Usinskoye teb: thaj chaw thaj chaw, piav qhia, kwv yees hydrocarbon reserves. Nta ntawm cov roj thiab geological qauv ntawm cov deposit. Keeb kwm ntawm discovery thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov deposit. Roj ntau lawm technology
Npib ntawm Soviet Union thiab niaj hnub Russia: dab tsi hlau yog npib ua los ntawm, lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab ntau yam
Kev tsim nyiaj txiag ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws txhua lub sijhawm tau cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam teeb meem: kev lag luam txawm tias tsim los yog poob qis, rub txoj kev ntseeg hauv Lavxias txiaj mus rau hauv qab, ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg loj hauv nws thiab inflation. Tam sim no peb muaj cov qauv meej hauv lub xeev rau kev tsim khoom thiab minting, tag nrho cov kev hloov kho tau maj mam thiab raug, tab sis thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, kev tsov kev rog thiab ntiaj teb no, cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi hlau npib yog ua los ntawm peb lub teb chaws faded rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau
Dav hlau niaj hnub. Thawj lub dav hlau dav hlau
Lub teb chaws xav tau niaj hnub Soviet dav hlau dav hlau, tsis qis dua, tab sis zoo dua rau qib ntiaj teb. Nyob rau xyoo 1946 parade nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Lub Kaum Hli (Tushino), lawv yuav tsum tau qhia rau cov neeg thiab cov qhua txawv teb chaws
Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau yog Txhais, tswvyim, yam ntxwv thiab qhov ntev. Tsheb ciav hlau qhov ntev thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov chaw khiav haujlwm
Kev mus los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau hla lub nroog thiab cov nroog, koj tuaj yeem kawm ntau yam nthuav thiab lom zem txog lub ntiaj teb ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau. Ntau tshaj ib zaug, cov neeg taug kev tau nug lawv tus kheej cov lus nug txog qhov twg qhov no lossis txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau coj mus? Thiab tus engineer uas tswj lub tsheb ciav hlau xav li cas thaum lub tsheb ciav hlau pib tawm lossis tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb? Yuav ua li cas thiab los ntawm qhov twg cov tsheb hlau txav thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm cov khoom dov yog dab tsi?
Ua haujlwm ua tus saib xyuas dav hlau. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas dav hlau. Tus neeg saib xyuas dav hlau khwv tau npaum li cas?
Hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis muaj ib txoj haujlwm zoo li tus neeg saib xyuas dav hlau. Nws lub npe tiag tiag yog tus tsav dav hlau. Lwm yam secrets dab tsi yog hom kev ua ub no zais, leej twg tuaj yeem thov rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab cov kev cai dab tsi uas cov tuam txhab xa tawm?
