Cam khwb cia hlau los ntawm steel dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov muag?

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Tus neeg tsis paub meej ntseeg tias cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub sijhawm yog hlau. Cov neeg nkag siab paub tias lo lus "hlau" yog hais txog hlau-carbon alloys - steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau. Nws yuav zoo li tias ob yam khoom sib txawv kiag li thiab lawv yooj yim heev kom paub qhov txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, muab ntau yam ntawm lawv hom thiab hom, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau txiav txim siab txoj kab zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qee yam ntawm lawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj kev txawj ntse ntxiv kom paub cov lus teb rau lo lus nug: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm cam khwb cia hlau thiab hlau?

Cast iron

Ib qho hlau uas muaj hlau, carbon nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 2, 14-6, 67, sulfur, phosphorus, manganese, silicon thiab lwm yam additives hu ua cam khwb cia hlau. Keeb kwm ntawm smelting pib nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog hlau. Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, lub hauv paus ntawm metallurgy thiab tag nrho cov kev lag luam steel.

Features:

1. Rough, matte greyxim.
2. Melting ntawm 1000-1600˚С nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg (rau kev lag luam, qhov nruab nrab - 1000-1200˚С, dawb thiab npua hlau yaj ntawm qhov kub siab dua).
3. Density: 7200-7600 kg/m3.
4. Tshwj xeeb kub muaj peev xwm: 540 J / (kg˚C).
5. High hardness: 400-650HB.
6. Tsawg ductility, crumbly hauv siab; malleable ductile cam khwb cia hlau δ=6-12%.
7. Lub zog qis: 100-200 MPa, rau malleable nws mus txog 300-370 MPa, rau qee qib siab zog - 600-800 MPa.
8. qauv siv kev kho cua sov, tab sis tsis tshua muaj thiab nrog kev saib xyuas zoo, vim tias nws muaj cov txheej txheem tawg.
9. Doped nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, txawm li cas los xij, qib tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib xyaw ua rau nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis.
10. Tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo siab, kev ua haujlwm zoo, zoo heev casting zog. Tsis raug forging thiab stamping.
11. zoo hnav thiab corrosion kuj.

cam khwb cia hlau yog cov khoom siv rau lub cev qhov chaw, cov blocks, cov khoom siv tshuab ua los ntawm casting. Nws yog tus nqi tseem ceeb rau kev tsim steel.

Steel

A carbon-hlau alloy uas tsis muaj ntau tshaj 2.14% carbon thiab tsis muaj tsawg dua 45% hlau yog hu ua hlau. Nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog:

1. Smooth, muaj nyiajxim nrog tus yam ntxwv xav txog.
2. Melting hauv 1450˚C.
3. Qhov ntom yog nruab nrab ntawm 7700 txog 7900 kg / m 3.
4. Lub peev xwm kub ntawm chav sov: 462 J / (kg˚C).
5. Tsawg hardness, nruab nrab 120-250 HB.
6. Excellent plasticity: elongation δ ranges ntawm 5-35% rau ntau qib, δ≧20-40% rau ntau qib.
7. Lub zog tensile nruab nrab rau cov khoom siv - 300-450 MPa; rau tshwj xeeb muaj zog alloyed - 600-800 MPa.
8. Nws qiv nws tus kheej zoo rau kev kho cov khoom siv thermal thiab tshuaj-thermal kho.
9. nquag doped nrog ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg los hloov cov khoom thiab lub hom phiaj.
10. Zoo siab weldability, siab thiab txiav kev ua haujlwm.
11. Tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev tsis zoo corrosion.

Steel yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv kev siv hlau niaj hnub no, kev tsim kho tshuab, ntsuas ntsuas thiab thev naus laus zis.

Kev txiav txim keeb kwm los ntawm ib feem hom

Tau txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv ntxaws ntawm cov alloys no, koj tuaj yeem ntseeg siab siv qhov kev paub ntawm cov cam khwb cia hlau txawv ntawm cov hlau. Muaj ib qho khoom siv hlau nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj, tsis ntseeg nws lub hauv paus chiv keeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom rov nco qab tam sim ntawd cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb. Yog li, cam khwb cia hlau yog cov khoom siv casting. Nws yog siv los tsim cov tais diav yooj yim, cov kav dej loj, lub cev ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab, cov cav, cov khoom loj ntawm ib qho yooj yim configuration. Los ntawmsteels tsim qhov chaw ntawm txhua qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab nyuaj, txij li kev forging, stamping, kos duab, dov thiab lwm yam kev siv hlau ua rau qhov no. Yog li, yog tias muaj lus nug txog keeb kwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa, tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab - nws yog hlau. Yog hais tias koj xav nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug loj cauldron - qhov no yog cam khwb cia hlau. Yog tias koj xav paub seb lub cav vaj tsev lossis crankshaft yog dab tsi, koj yuav tsum mus rau lwm txoj kev paub txog, vim tias ob qho kev xaiv ua tau.

Xim nta thiab ntsuas fragility

Yuav kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov hlau cam los ntawm lub qhov muag, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov txawv ntawm qhov muag pom. Cam khwb cia hlau muaj ib tug matte grey xim thiab ib tug rougher txheej kev ntxhib los mos. Hlau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws qhov tshwj xeeb silvery lustrous hue thiab tsawg roughness.

Kuj tseem ceeb paub txog yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov hlau cam los ntawm cov hlau tsis pom kev yog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov ductility ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Yog tias cov khoom tshawb xyuas lossis cov khoom siv hlau tsis muaj nuj nqis loj, koj tuaj yeem sim lawv kom muaj zog thiab ductility los ntawm kev siv lub zog quab yuam. Brittle cam khwb cia hlau yuav crumble rau hauv daim, thaum hlau tsuas yog deform. Nrog rau cov khoom hnyav dua rau kev sib tsoo, cam khwb cia hlau crumbs yuav tig tawm me me nyob rau hauv ntau yam duab, thiab daim hlau yuav loj, ntawm qhov raug configuration.

Yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm cov hlau cam ntawm cov hlau hauv tsev? Tsim nyogtau cov hmoov av zoo los yog shavings tawm ntawm nws. Txij li cov hlau muaj ductility siab, nws cov chips kuj muaj tus cwj pwm tortuous. Cam khwb cia hlau, ntawm qhov tod tes, crumbles; thaum drilling, me me chips ntawm tawg yog tsim nrog plua plav.

Kom tau plua plav, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov hlua khi thiab ua kom cov npoo ntawm qhov txaus siab me ntsis. Xav txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo shavings ntawm koj txhais tes los yog ntawm daim ntawv dawb. Cam khwb cia hlau muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm graphite inclusions. Yog li ntawd, thaum rub nws cov plua plav, ib qho graphite dub "khiav" tseem nyob. Hauv cov hlau, cov pa roj carbon yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev khi, yog li cov neeg kho tshuab cov nyhuv ntawm cov plua plav tsis muab cov txiaj ntsig pom.

Yuav ua li cas qhia cam khwb cia hlau los ntawm steel? Koj yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej tsim nyog thiab ua siab ntev me ntsis.

Hauv thawj kis, koj tuaj yeem siv cua sov, piv txwv li, nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob, pib hnav khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv thiab saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov kub yuav tsum tau tsa ua ntej cov hlau pib yaj. Nws twb tau hais tias lub melting point ntawm cam khwb cia hlau yog siab tshaj ntawm cov hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no feem ntau siv rau cov xim dawb thiab npua hlau. Hais txog tag nrho cov qib kev lag luam, lawv muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau tsis tshaj 4.3% thiab yaj ntawm 1000-1200˚С. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem yaj sai dua.

Ib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav ua li cas cam khwb cia hlau txawv ntawm cov hlau yog siv cov qauv kev sim ntawm kev sib tsootshuab los yog nyob rau hauv lub ntse log ntawm ib tug grinder. Kev tsom xam yog nqa tawm raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov sparks. Cam khwb cia hlau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov ci liab liab, thiab cov hlau yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov muag tsis pom kev luv luv nrog cov xim dawb-daj.

Ib qho nthuav dav yog yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm cov hlau cam los ntawm cov hlau los ntawm lub suab. Ob lub alloys suab txawv. Nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim cov suab paj nruag nrog rau cov khoom sim uas twb muaj lawm. Tab sis nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj ob qho qauv los yog kom muaj lub pob ntseg paub txog qhov teeb meem no. Hlau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ceev siab dua, uas tau cuam tshuam hauv nws lub suab. Thaum ntaus nws nrog cov khoom siv hlau, lub suab yog ntau sonorous tshaj nyob rau hauv tib lub teeb meem nrog cam khwb cia hlau.

Yuav kom paub tias cov hlau cam txawv li cas ntawm cov hlau, koj yuav tsum muaj kev paub me ntsis txog cov ntaub ntawv no thiab qee qhov kev paub. Tom qab tag nrho, tus kws tshaj lij kev paub txog kev sib tsoo, sib tsoo, milling, drilling, tig, kho cua sov lossis vuam, tus kws tshaj lij metallurgist lossis tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm ib leeg, ntsuas qhov pom lossis kov.