Kev Tshawb Fawb: cov txheej txheem ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev nkag siab txog lub hauv paus ntawm kev muag khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kev txawj ntse tsis yog rau cov tub lag luam thiab cov kws tshaj lij xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg lag luam. Kev taw qhia hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kev npaj cov khoom lag luam, kev tshuaj xyuas nyiaj txiag thiab kev lag luam, kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom rau cov kws tshaj lij, cov kws lag luam nyiaj txiag, tus accountants thiab cov thawj coj yuav tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Hauv ib lo lus, rau txhua tus uas, los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm lawv cov haujlwm, cuam tshuam nrog kev khaws cia, muag, tsim khoom thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm ntau yam khoom.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov khoom lag luam

Lus, cov khoom siv tshawb fawb tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "kev paub txog cov khoom." Obviously, nws tshwm sim tib lub sij hawm raws li cov khoom muag lawv tus kheej, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev yuav thiab muag. Yuav ua li cas cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom lag luam pib ua kom zoo nrog qhov pib ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam. Txhua yam khoom muaj nyob kom tau raws li tus kheej thiab kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg. Thiab yog tias ua ntej qhov kev faib tawm no yog ntuj thiab tsis meej, niaj hnub no tus ciam teb ntawm tus kheej thiab cov pej xeem yog qhov muag tsis pom. Piv txwv suav nrog dav hlau thiab yachts.

Tam sim noNyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kev pabcuam kuj yog qhov khoom ntawm kev muag khoom. Lawv muaj qee qhov ntsuas tau zoo, uas tau kho los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab, yog li ntawd, tso cai rau siv cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom lag luam science.

Kev siv hluav taws xob thiab nqi khoom

Txhua yam khoom tsim los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tib neeg, uas txhais tau tias lawv yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog qee qhov kev siv hluav taws xob. Txoj kev xav ntawm kev lag luam txhais tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig raws li qhov kev txaus siab uas tus neeg siv khoom tau txais los ntawm kev siv cov khoom. Cov neeg siv khoom xaiv ntawm cov khoom yog nyob ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev siv hluav taws xob tsis yog tsuas yog cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev noj cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws piav qhia txog kev faib khoom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv nyiaj txiag, hloov qee yam khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau hauv cov khoom siv nrog tus nqi.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev siv tus nqi nrog tus nqi pauv, uas qhia txog qhov sib piv ntawm kev sib pauv. Tus nqi ntawm ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb kuj txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas tau siv los ntawm nws cov khoom. Kev siv tus nqi tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li qhov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom, raws li qhov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws los ntawm nws rau cov neeg siv khoom. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si tangible thiab intangible.

Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm thiab muaj tiag. Hauv thawj qhov xwm txheej, qhov ua tau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom tau cuam tshuam, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob, ntau yam kev thov. Muaj kev siv tus nqi sib txawv hauv cov khoom tsim los rau cov tswv cuab hauv zej zog. Txawm li cas los xij, kev noj qab haus huv tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv tus kheej lossis tsev neeg,vim txhua tus neeg hauv zej zog yuav cov khoom no los yog khoom rau nws tus kheej lossis nws tsev neeg.

Cov khoom lag luam lub neej

Raws li ISO cov qauv, lub voj voog ntawm txhua yam khoom raug txo mus rau 11 theem:

1. kev lag luam.
2. khoom tsim thiab txhim kho.
3. Khoom siv thiab kev pabcuam.
4. Kev npaj cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.
5. Production.
6. Kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kuaj.
7. Ntim thiab cia.
8. Kev ua tiav.
9. Kev ua haujlwm.
10. Service.
11. Kev pov tseg.

Thaum tsim qauv, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tau muab tso rau. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txhawm rau ua tiav txoj haujlwm ua tiav hauv cov khoom lag luam, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam. Thiab txawm hais tias tus neeg muag khoom tsis koom tes ncaj qha rau hauv kev tsim kho qhov project, nws muaj lub zog los cuam tshuam qhov zoo los ntawm kev suav ua ntej ntawm kev siv tus nqi thiab ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov khoom. Cov khoom tsim tawm twb muaj cov khoom siv tiag tiag, thiab cov khoom siv tshawb fawb tau txaus siab rau nws cov kev tsis zoo thiab txoj hauv kev los tshem tawm lawv. Kev ntim khoom yog tsim los khaws txhua qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov theem ntawm kev khaws cia, kev thauj mus los thiab kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab yog qhov kev paub ntawm tus neeg muag khoom. Txij li thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm txhua yam khoom tsim nws cov peev txheej, cov khoom siv tshawb fawb tau raug hu kom muab cov lus pom zoo ntawm nws txoj kev siv. Txhua yam khoom uas tau ua tiav nws lub voj voog yuav raug rov ua dua tshiab, thiab nws yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg muag khoom kom paub cov qauv ntawm kev ua tiav qhov kawg ntawm lub neej pov tseg.

Kev muag khoom tshwj xeeb

Ntawm lub plawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb khoom muagmuaj ob ntu: general thiab tshwj xeeb. Thawj qhov cuam tshuam nrog cov lus nug dav dav ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev paub thiab kev tsim ntawm kev siv tus nqi ntawm ib yam khoom. Qhov thib ob suav nrog cov ntu sib txawv uas cuam tshuam rau kev faib khoom feem ntau lees txais, uas nyob rau hauv lem kawm nyob rau hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib tug khoom chav kawm ntawv los yog pawg khoom. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, tsim thiab khaws cia zoo, cov txheej txheem rau kev soj ntsuam cov khoom, kawm cov assortment.

Cov lus nug ntawm cov khoom siv dav dav:

• qeb muag khoom;
• kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom thiab npe ntawm cov khoom siv;
• requirements rau cov khoom thiab lawv zoo;
• kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom;
• khaws cov khoom thiab txhim kho lawv cov hnub tas sij hawm;
• lub cev thiab kev coj ncaj ncees;
• assortment formation;
• Kev txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas cov khoom cuav;
• lees paub kev ua raws thiab kev kuaj xyuas cov khoom.

Cov kev sib tw ntsib kev muag khoom hnub no yog dab tsi?

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshawb fawb hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam niaj hnub no yog:

• Kawm thiab txhim kho cov qauv hauv qab tsim cov nqi siv.
• Tshawb nrhiav los txhim kho cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib tawm txhua yam khoom, nrog rau lawv cov coding.
• Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov khoom lag luam tswj cov qauv.
• Kho qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov khoom zoo thiab cov khoom hauv cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm.
• Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom, kev txhim kho cov kev cai, lub teb chawsstandard, etc.
• Kawm txog kev ua haujlwm tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau cov khoom.
• Tsim cov txheej txheem rau kev pabcuam cov khoom tom qab nws muag.
• Cov qauv khaws cia thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau lawv cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg siv khoom.
• Txhim kho qhov kev xeem.
• Kev kwv yees cov khoom tshiab.
• kev tiv thaiv tus neeg siv khoom.
• Kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm kev cob qhia rau cov kws tshaj lij.

Txoj kev ntawm cov khoom lag luam science

Raws li cov kev siv hauv kev muag khoom, nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev daws teeb meem kev muag khoom. Lawv muab faib ua ob pawg loj - dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem dav dav qhia txog feem ntau lees txais txoj hauv kev rau kev txhim kho cov teeb meem ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, tus nqi thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam, thiab tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb cov khoom lag luam. Cov txheej txheem dav dav ntawm cov khoom siv tshawb fawb, dhau los, tau muab faib ua positivist, dialectical, structuralist thiab hluavtaws.

Raws li cov txheej txheem hluavtaws nkag siab txog kev siv cov txheej txheem ntawm lwm yam kev tshawb fawb thiab kev qhuab qhia los daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb fawb khoom muag. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kov yeej txoj hauv kev ib sab uas twb muaj lawm, tab sis tib lub sijhawm yog qhov ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo poob lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees.

Txoj kev xav zoo

Koom nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev xav zoo, uas lees paub txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev paub txog kev paub ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nws cov yam ntxwv yog:

• Phenomenalism.
• Verification.
• Pragmatism.

Formal logicaluniversal txoj kev. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv:

• instrumentalism, lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tswv yim tshawb fawb rau hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas;
• kev ua haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem hais qhia hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas tau ua nrog qee lub tswv yim kev tshawb fawb;
• piav qhia, lossis piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm cov qauv lej raug cai;
• qhov ntsuas qhov xwm txheej, lossis cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.

Txoj kev no hauv kev muag khoom muaj qhov dav tshaj plaws. Nws yog siv rau kev tswj kom zoo, ua qauv lej, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, thiab lwm yam.

qauv qauv

Thaum ua ntej ntawm txoj kev no yog kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv (cov qauv sab hauv) ntawm qhov system thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus rau ib leeg. Nws cov yam ntxwv yog:

• tsom mus rau kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntsiab lus;
• tus qauv ntawm qhov system tseem ceeb dua li cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus;
• kev pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej tsuas yog thaum nws suav nrog hauv cov qauv;
• "cov hauv qab ntawm qhov system" tsis suav nrog.

Txoj kev ua qauv qhia ua kom siv tag nrho cov lej lej thiab kev ua qauv. Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog khoom muag, nws tshwm sim nws tus kheej, piv txwv li, hauv kev faib thiab pab pawg ntawm cov khoom; hauv kev faib cov ntsuas ntawm lawv qhov zoo. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov khoom lag luam kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus faib cov khoom noj rau hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus. Lub ntsiab tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev structuralist yog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm schematism thiab detachment los ntawm qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag, uastsis tas yuav haum rau cov qauv theoretical.

Dialectical method

Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav, dialectics txaus siab rau cov kev cai dav dav ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm xwm, tib neeg thiab peculiarities ntawm kev xav. Nws tsom rau txoj kev txhim kho. Nws txoj kev tshwj xeeb yog:

• Qhov nce ntawm qhov kev paub daws teeb meem mus rau lub pob zeb, uas tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim thiab tsim tawm tag nrho.
• Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov laj thawj thiab keeb kwm, uas qhia txog kev xav hauv cov txheej txheem keeb kwm tiag tiag ntawm kev txhim kho.
• Ib txoj hauv kev uas qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txuas thiab coj los ua ke.

Tag nrho cov ntsiab cai no tau muab coj los siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, thaum tsim ib yam khoom tshiab, raws li ib yam dab tsi tag nrho, kev sib raug zoo ntawm engineers thiab economists, artists thiab technologists yog tsim nyog, coj lawv tus kheej kev koom tes rau cov feem ntau ua.

Txoj kev tshwj xeeb

Lawv nkag siab txog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau koj los tshawb txog qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv tshawb fawb. Lawv yog:

• kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev sib txuas, uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev faib khoom rau hauv nws cov yam ntxwv, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv rau hauv qhov muab tau zoo;
• induction thiab txiav tawm raws li kev tswj hwm batch zoo ntawm ib tus qauv;
• abstraction, assumption, generalization thiab lwm yam.

Kev faib khoom noj khoom haus

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom noj khoom hausyog lawv cov kev faib tawm, lossis faib rau hauv pawg raws li cov yam ntxwv. Xws li cov cim qhia yuav yog keeb kwm lossis tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom, qib thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw, lawv lub hom phiaj thiab lwm yam cim. Kev lag luam faib cais cov pawg hauv qab no: cawv thiab vodka, khoom qab zib, tshuaj yej, dej, kas fes, mis nyuj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, ntses, nqaij, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, luam yeeb, khoom noj khoom haus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev muag khoom noj khoom haus qhia txog cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev noj zaub mov zoo. Thawj pab pawg muaj xws li cereals, hmoov, pasta, tshuaj yej, txuj lom, zaub roj thiab lwm yam khoom, thiab thib ob pab pawg neeg muaj xws li nqaij thiab ntses gastronomy, butter, cheeses, kaus poom zaub mov, thiab lwm yam.

Kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tswj cov khoom lag luam yog:

1. Kev sib haum xeeb. Lub assortment yuav tsum sib haum rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua si thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub koom haum.
2. Cov neeg siv khoom tsom. Rau ib qho khoom muag, nws yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom.
3. Kev txhim kho. Qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog hloov pauv kom tau raws li qhov xav tau tshiab ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom, tab sis yuav tsum cia siab rau lawv.
4. Kev tshaj lij. Cov assortment yuav tsum tau tswj hwm los ntawm tus neeg uas paub txog lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv science ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus (lossis lwm thaj chaw ntawm kev lag luam), muaj kev txawj los siv rau hauv kev xyaum thiab muaj kev xav txog kev xav.
5. Kev ua haujlwm. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm kev lag luam yog txhawm rau nce cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub tuam txhab.

Raws li assortment lub tswv yim yog to taubcov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, uas yog tsim los rau hauv tus account lub zeem muag rau lub koom haum cov kev ua ub no kom nce cov nyiaj tau los. Cov tswv yim yog tawm tsam thiab tiv thaiv.

Nyob ntawm assortment strategies

tawm tswv yim tawm tsam	Cov tswv yim tiv thaiv
Txoj haujlwm tshiab hauv ntau pawg khoom (qhov no yog qhov hu ua kev tawm tsam loj). Ntxiv cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau ntau yam ntawm cov neeg sib tw. Kev hloov pauv me ntsis txhawm rau ua kom cov neeg siv khoom muaj siab ntseeg. Kho cov assortment matrix thaum cov neeg sib tw hloov nws.	Txoj kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam. Txoj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev xav tau thiab hloov kho raws sijhawm ntawm kev sib tw.

Rules for assortment formation

Kev koom tes ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm ib lub lag luam yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj cov cai hauv qab no rau kev tsim cov khoom ntawm lub khw thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob:

• nws yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab cov neeg yuav khoom tsis tseem ceeb;
• cov assortment yuav tsum tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog yooj yim, tab sis kuj muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev xav tau;
• nqi yuav tsum tsim tsis tsuas yog tsom mus rau kev yuav lub hwj chim, tab sis kuj kom ntseeg tau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub khw.

Kev ua tau zoo yog tus yuam sij rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab cov neeg siv khoom ncaj ncees.

Tsim ib pawg khoom muag

Ib pawg khoom tau nkag siab tias yog ib pawg ntawm cov khoom pom los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom raws li muaj peev xwm sib pauv. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam nws qhov ntau thiab nkag siab rau tus neeg yuav khoom. Piv txwv suav nrog cov khoom lag luam hauv qab no: cov khoom noj khoom haus, cov khoom me me, thiab lwm yam.

Ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam yog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm ntau yam matrices:

• assortment, cuam tshuam cov npe ntawm cov khoom;
• kev ua si, piav qhia lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua yam khoom hauv pawg no;
• nqi, sawv cev rau cov npe ntawm cov khoom nrog lawv tus nqi;
• kev sib raug zoo, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom (tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab sib pauv);
• cov ntsiab lus, suav nrog cov ntsuas tseem ceeb rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb.

Yam kev lag luam koom haum

Nws tuaj yeem faib cov lag luam lag luam raws li ntau yam. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov qeb duas los ntawm hom kev lag luam muag khoom yog qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws. Lub tswv yim no suav nrog kev faib cov lag luam kev lag luam los ntawm qhov chaw muag khoom thiab daim ntawv ntawm kev pabcuam cov neeg siv khoom.

Cov khw muag khoom ntau tshaj plaws yog "Lub Tsev Muag Khoom", "Cov Khoom", "Ntaub" thiab lwm yam. Kev lag luam muag khoom kuj tseem ua los ntawm pavilions, vending machines thiab tents.