List of Russian NPPs. Muaj pes tsawg nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nuclear physics, uas tau tshwm sim raws li kev tshawb fawb tom qab tshawb pom hauv 1986 ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xov tooj cua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb A. Becquerel thiab M. Curie, tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm tsis yog riam phom nuclear xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev lag luam nuclear.

Pib ntawm kev tshawb fawb nuclear hauv Russia

Tam sim no xyoo 1910, Radium Commission tau tsim nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, uas suav nrog cov kws kho mob paub zoo N. N. Beketov, AP Karpinsky, V. I. Vernadsky.

Kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov xov tooj cua nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog sab hauv tau ua tiav ntawm thawj theem ntawm kev txhim kho lub zog nuclear hauv Russia, nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1921 txog 1941. Tom qab ntawd qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm neutron ntes los ntawm protons tau ua pov thawj, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear los ntawm fission ntawm uranium nuclei yog theoretically substantiated.

Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm I. V. Kurchatov, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev tau ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv kev sib cais ntawm uranium.

Lub sijhawm tsim cov riam phom atomic hauv USSR

Los ntawm 1940, cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais thiab kev ua tau zoo tau sau tseg, uas tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los tawm tswv yim rau lub teb chaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev siv lub zog loj hauv atomic. Nyob rau hauv 1941, thawj cyclotron tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus kawm systematically kawm lub excitation ntawm nuclei los ntawm accelerated ions. Thaum pib ntawm tsov rog, cov cuab yeej raug thauj mus rau Ufa thiabKazan, ua raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Los ntawm 1943, lub chaw kuaj tshwj xeeb ntawm lub atomic nucleus tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm I. V. Kurchatov, lub hom phiaj yog los tsim lub foob pob nuclear lossis roj.

Kev siv lub foob pob atomic los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thaum Lub Yim Hli 1945 hauv Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki tau tsim ua ntej rau lub tebchaws no txoj kev muaj peev xwm ntawm superweapons thiab, raws li, yuam USSR kom ua haujlwm nrawm rau kev tsim nws tus kheej lub foob pob tawg.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntsuas kev koom tes yog kev tsim tawm ntawm Russia thawj zaug uranium-graphite nuclear reactor nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Sarov (Gorky cheeb tsam) nyob rau hauv 1946. Thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear tau ua tiav ntawm F-1 lub tshuab hluav taws xob.

Lub tshuab muaj plutonium enrichment reactor tau tsim xyoo 1948 hauv Chelyabinsk. Nyob rau hauv 1949, ib tug nuclear plutonium nqi raug kuaj ntawm qhov chaw xeem nyob rau hauv Semipalatinsk.

theem no tau dhau los ua kev npaj hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev. Thiab twb nyob rau xyoo 1949, kev tsim qauv pib tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear.

Nyob rau xyoo 1954, lub ntiaj teb thawj zaug (kev ua qauv qhia) nuclear cog ntawm lub peev xwm me me (5 MW) tau tsim tawm hauv Obninsk.

Ib lub hom phiaj muaj ob lub hom phiaj reactor, qhov twg, ntxiv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob, riam phom-qib plutonium kuj tau tsim, tau tsim tawm hauv Tomsk Thaj Chaw (Seversk) ntawm Siberian Chemical Plant.

Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam nuclear: hom reactors

Kev lag luam hluav taws xob nuclear ntawm USSR yog thawj zaug tsom rauKev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob siab:

• Channel thermal reactor RBMK (siab zog channel reactor); roj - me ntsis enriched uranium dioxide (2%), tshuaj tiv thaiv moderator - graphite, coolant - boiling dej, purified los ntawm deuterium thiab tritium (lub teeb dej).
• VVER reactor (lub zog dej reactor) ntawm thermal neutrons, kaw rau hauv lub nkoj siab, roj - uranium dioxide nrog rau kev nplua nuj ntawm 3-5%, tus neeg nruab nrab - dej, nws kuj yog lub coolant.
• BN-600 - ceev neutron reactor, roj - enriched uranium, coolant - sodium. Lub tsuas muaj reactor ntawm hom no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nruab ntawm Beloyarsk chaw nres tsheb.
• EGP - thermal neutron reactor (lub zog heterogeneous voj), ua haujlwm tsuas yog ntawm Bilibino NPP. Nws txawv ntawm qhov overheating ntawm coolant (dej) tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub reactor nws tus kheej. Pom tau tias tsis muaj kev vam meej.

Tag nrho ntawm 33 lub zog hluav taws xob nrog tag nrho lub peev xwm ntau dua 2,300 MW tam sim no ua haujlwm ntawm kaum nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag hauv Russia:

• nrog VVER reactors - 17 units;
• nrog RMBC reactors - 11 units;
• nrog BN reactors - 1 unit;
• nrog EGP reactors - 4 units.

Daim npe NPPs hauv Russia thiab Union Republics: lub sijhawm ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1954 txog 2001

1. 1954, Obninskaya, Obninsk, Kaluga cheeb tsam. Lub hom phiaj - ua qauv qhia-kev lag luam. Reactor hom - AM-1. Nres xyoo 2002
2. 1958, Siberian, Tomsk-7 (Seversk), Tomsk cheeb tsam. Lub hom phiaj - tsim riam phom-qib plutonium, ntxiv cua sov thiab dej kubrau Seversk thiab Tomsk. Hom reactors - EI-2, ADE-3, ADE-4, ADE-5. Ua tiav kaw hauv 2008 los ntawm kev pom zoo nrog Asmeskas.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Reactor hom - ADE, ADE-1, ADE-2. Lub hom phiaj - tsim riam phom-qib plutonium, cua sov rau Krasnoyarsk Mining thiab Processing Plant. Qhov kawg nres tau tshwm sim hauv 2010 raws li kev pom zoo nrog Tebchaws Meskas.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, cheeb tsam Sverdlovsk. Reactor hom - AMB-100, AMB-200, BN-600, BN-800. AMB-100 nres nyob rau hauv 1983, AMB-200 - nyob rau hauv 1990. Active.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. Reactor hom - VVER, tsib units. Thawj thiab thib ob raug tso tseg. Qhov xwm txheej - nquag.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, Melekess (Dimitrovograd txij li xyoo 1972), thaj tsam Ulyanovsk. Hom kev tshawb fawb reactors yog MIR, SM, RBT-6, BOR-60, RBT-10/1, RBT-10/2, VK-50. Reactors BOR-60 thiab VK-50 tsim hluav taws xob ntxiv. Lub sij hawm ncua kev ncua yog txuas ntxiv mus. Qhov xwm txheej yog qhov chaw nres tsheb nkaus xwb nrog kev tshawb fawb reactors. Kwv yees kaw - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenkovskaya (Mangyshlakskaya), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN reactor, kaw hauv 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk cheeb tsam. Plaub VVER reactors. Qhov xwm txheej - nquag.
9. 1973, Leningradskaya, Lub Nroog Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Thaj Chaw. Plaub RMBK-1000 reactors (tib yam li ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag). Qhov xwm txheej - nquag.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP, Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Territory. Reactor hom - AMB (tam sim nonres), BN thiab plaub EGP. Active.
11. 1976. Kursk, Kurchatov, cheeb tsam Kursk Plaub RMBK-1000 reactors tau teeb tsa. Active.
12. 1976. Armenian, Metsamor, Armenian SSR. Ob chav VVER, thawj qhov tau tso tseg thaum xyoo 1989, qhov thib ob tau ua haujlwm.
13. 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Plaub RMBK-1000 reactors tau teeb tsa. Lub block thib plaub raug rhuav tshem hauv xyoo 1986, qhov thib ob tau nres hauv xyoo 1991, thawj zaug - xyoo 1996, qhov thib peb - xyoo 2000
14. 1980. Rivne, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne cheeb tsam, Ukraine. Peb chav nrog VVER reactors. Active.
15. 1982. Smolenskaya, Desnogorsk, Smolensk cheeb tsam, ob chav nrog RMBK-1000 reactors. Active.
16. 1982. South Ukrainian NPP, Yuzhnoukrainsk, cheeb tsam Nikolaev, Ukraine. Peb VVER reactors. Active.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (yav tas los Ignalina koog tsev kawm ntawv), Lithuania. Ob lub RMBC reactors. Nres xyoo 2009 ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm European Union (thaum koom nrog EEC).
18. 1984 Kalinin NPP, Udomlya, Tver cheeb tsam Ob VVER reactors. Active.
19. 1984 Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Rau 6 units ib VVER reactor. Active.
20. 1985 Balakovo, Balakovo, cheeb tsam Saratov Plaub VVER reactors. Active.
21. 1987. Khmelnitsky, Netishyn, Khmelnitsky cheeb tsam, Ukraine. Ib tug VVER reactor. Active.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, cheeb tsam Rostov Los ntawm 2014, ob chav ua haujlwm ntawm VVER reactors. Ob chav nyob hauv kev tsim kho.

Nuclear zog tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawmChernobyl NPP

1986 yog lub xyoo tuag rau kev lag luam. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas tib neeg tsim tau ua rau tib neeg xav tsis thoob tias qhov kev kaw ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab hluav taws xob nuclear tau dhau los ua ib qho kev txhawb nqa ntuj. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear thoob ntiaj teb tau txo qis. Tsis tsuas yog cov chaw nres tsheb hauv tsev, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov neeg txawv teb chaws, tau tsim ua raws li cov haujlwm ntawm USSR, raug tso tseg.

Daim npe ntawm Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag uas nws kev tsim kho tau mothballed:

• Gorkovskaya AST (cov khoom cua sov);
• Crimean;
• Voronezh AST.

Cov npe ntawm Lavxias NPPs raug tshem tawm ntawm theem tsim thiab npaj av ua haujlwm:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Far Eastern;
• Ivanovskaya AST (cov khoom cua sov);
• Karelian NPP thiab Karelian-2 NPP;
• Krasnodar.

Tso tseg nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag hauv Russia: laj thawj

Qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho ntawm qhov tsis raug tectonic - qhov no yog vim li cas tau qhia los ntawm cov chaw haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm kev txuag kev tsim kho ntawm Lavxias teb sab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Daim duab qhia chaw ntawm seismically khaus thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws singles tawm thaj tsam Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag, Baikal rift, Altai-Sayan, Far East thiab Amur.

Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, kev tsim kho ntawm Crimean chaw nres tsheb (kev npaj ntawm thawj chav tsev - 80%) tau pib tiag tiag tsis tsim nyog. Qhov laj thawj tiag tiag rau kev txuag ntawm lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob raws li kim yog qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo - kev lag luam nyiaj txiag hauv USSR. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lawv tau mothballed (cia muab pov rau plundered)Muaj ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm, txawm tias npaj siab heev.

Rostov NPP: rov pib kev tsim kho tawm tsam pej xeem kev xav

Kev tsim kho ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb tau pib rov qab rau xyoo 1981. Thiab xyoo 1990, nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cov pej xeem nquag, Pawg Sab Laj tau txiav txim siab los ua npau suav ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho. Qhov kev npaj ntawm thawj qhov thaiv thaum lub sijhawm ntawd twb 95%, thiab qhov thib ob - 47%.

Yim xyoo tom qab, xyoo 1998, qhov project qub tau hloov kho, cov blocks raug txo mus rau ob. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2000, kev tsim kho tau rov pib dua, thiab twb nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 2001, thawj chav tsev tau suav nrog hauv daim phiaj hluav taws xob. Pib xyoo tom ntej, kev tsim kho ntawm qhov thib ob tau rov pib dua. Kev tshaj tawm zaum kawg tau ncua ntau zaus, thiab tsuas yog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 2010 nws tau txuas nrog lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm Lavxias Federation.

Rostov NPP: Unit 3

Nyob rau xyoo 2009, tau txiav txim siab los tsim Rostov nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag nrog rau kev teeb tsa ntawm plaub chav ntxiv raws li VVER reactors.

Muab qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, Rostov NPP yuav tsum dhau los ua tus xa hluav taws xob rau Crimean ceg av qab teb. Chav tsev 3 nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2014 tau txuas nrog lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm Lavxias Federation kom deb li deb nrog lub peev xwm tsawg kawg nkaus. Txog thaum nruab nrab xyoo 2015, nws tau npaj pib ua lag luam (1011 MW), uas yuav tsum txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws xob tsis txaus los ntawm Ukraine mus rau Crimea.

Nuclear zog nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab Federation

Thaum pib ntawm 2015, txhua lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear hauv Russia (kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tsim kho) yog cov ceg ntawm Rosenergoatom kev txhawj xeeb. Crisis phenomena nyob rau hauv kev lag luam nrognyuaj thiab poob raug kov yeej. Thaum pib ntawm 2015, 10 nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, 5 nyob rau hauv av thiab ib tug floating chaw nres tsheb yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho.

Daim npe ntawm Lavxias NPPs ua haujlwm thaum pib xyoo 2015:

• Beloyarskaya (pib ua haujlwm - 1964).
• Novovoronezh NPP (1964).
• Kola NPP (1973).
• YLeningradskaya (1973).
• Bilibinskaya (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolenskaya (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovskaya (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russian NPPs tab tom tsim

B altic NPP, Neman, cheeb tsam Kaliningrad. Ob chav nyob raws li VVER-1200 reactors. Kev tsim kho pib xyoo 2012. Pib-up hauv 2017, ncav cuag lub peev xwm tsim hauv 2018

Nws tau npaj tseg tias B altic NPP yuav xa hluav taws xob rau cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. Kev muag hluav taws xob hauv Lavxias Federation yuav ua los ntawm Lithuanian zog system.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Thaj Chaw, ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Ib qho thaiv yog ua raws li BN-800 reactor. Lub community launch, thawj zaug tau npaj rau xyoo 2014, raug ncua vim tsis txaus los ntawm Ukraine vim muaj kev nom kev tswv ntawm 2014.
• YLeningrad NPP-2, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Thaj Chaw. Plaub qhov chaw nres tsheb raws li VVER-1200 reactors. Nws yuav yog qhov hloov pauv rau LNPP (Leningradskaya). Thawj qhov thaiv yog npaj los ua haujlwm hauv 2015, cov tom ntej - hauv 2017, 2018, 2019.raws.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 hauv Novovoronezh, Voronezh Cheeb Tsam, tsis deb ntawm qhov tam sim no. Nws yuav yog ib qho kev hloov, nws yog npaj los tsim plaub chav nyob, thawj - raws li VVER-1200 reactors, tom ntej - VVER-1300. Qhov pib ncav cuag tus tsim muaj peev xwm yog xyoo 2015 (rau thawj qhov thaiv).



• Rostov (saib saum toj).

Ntiaj Teb Lub Zog Nuclear ntawm ib sab

Yuav luag tag nrho cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear hauv Russia tau tsim nyob rau sab Europe ntawm lub tebchaws. Daim duab qhia chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb qhov chaw ntawm nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag qhia cov concentration ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv plaub cheeb tsam nram qab no: Teb chaws Europe, Far East (Nyiv, Tuam Tshoj, Kauslim), Middle East, Central America. Raws li IAEA, kwv yees li 440 lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear tau ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 2014.

Nuclear nroj tsuag yog concentrated nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws hauv qab no:

• US nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tsim 836.63 billion kWh / xyoo;
• hauv Fabkis - 439.73 billion kWh / xyoo;
• hauv Nyiv - 263.83 billion kWh / xyoo;
• hauv Russia - 160.04 billion kWh / xyoo;
• hauv Kauslim - 142.94 billion kWh / xyoo;
• hauv Tebchaws Yelemees - 140.53 billion kWh / xyoo.