Inorganic polymers: piv txwv thiab daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nyob rau hauv xwm, muaj organoelement, organic thiab inorganic polymers. Inorganic cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog cov khoom uas nws cov saw tseem ceeb yog inorganic, thiab sab ceg tsis yog hydrocarbon radicals. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm III-VI pawg ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov polymers ntawm inorganic keeb kwm.

Kev faib tawm

Cov organic thiab inorganic polymers tab tom kawm, lawv cov yam ntxwv tshiab tau raug txiav txim siab, yog li kev faib tawm meej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tseem tsis tau tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, qee pawg ntawm cov polymers tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv.

Nyob ntawm tus qauv:

• linear;
• flat;
• nplooj;
• polymer nets;
• peb-seem thiab lwm yam.

Nyob ntawm cov pob txha qaum atoms uas tsim cov polymer:

• homochain hom (-M-)n - muaj ib hom atoms;
• heterochain yam(-M-L-)n - muaj ntau hom atoms.

Nyob ntawm keeb kwm:

• natural;
• khoom.

txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj uas yog macromolecules hauv cov khoom hauv lub xeev li inorganic polymers, lawv kuj yuav tsum muaj qee yam anisotropy ntawm cov qauv spatial thiab cov khoom sib xws.

Key Features

Ntau dua yog heterochain polymers, uas hloov pauv ntawm electropositive thiab electronegative atoms tshwm sim, piv txwv li, B thiab N, P thiab N, Si thiab O. Tau heterochain inorganic polymers (NP) tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polycondensation. Lub polycondensation ntawm oxoanions yog ceev nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic nruab nrab, thaum lub polycondensation ntawm hydrated cations yog ceev nyob rau hauv ib tug alkaline nruab nrab. Polycondensation tuaj yeem nqa tawm ob qho tib si hauv kev daws teeb meem thiab hauv cov khoom khib nyiab thaum muaj qhov kub thiab txias.

Ntau heterochain inorganic polymers tsuas yog tuaj yeem tau txais nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, piv txwv li, ncaj qha los ntawm cov khoom yooj yim. Kev tsim cov carbide, uas yog lub cev polymeric, tshwm sim thaum qee cov oxides cuam tshuam nrog cov pa roj carbon, nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias.

Ntev homochain chains (nrog qib ntawm polymerization n>100) tsim carbon thiab pab pawg VI p-cov ntsiab lus: sulfur, selenium, tellurium.

Inorganic polymers: piv txwv thiab daim ntawv thov

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm NP yog nyob rau hauv kev kawmpolymeric crystalline lub cev nrog cov qauv peb-dimensional ntawm macromolecules. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov txheej txheem nruj ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg muab cov khoom sib txuas nrog qhov hnyav hnyav.

Cov cuab yeej no ua rau nws tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg ua cov khoom siv abrasive. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv no tau pom daim ntawv thov dav tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb thiab thermal tsis kam ntawm NP kuj yog cov cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig. Piv txwv li, reinforcing fibers ua los ntawm cov organic polymers ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov huab cua mus txog rau ib tug kub ntawm 150-220 ˚C. Lub caij no, boron fiber thiab nws cov derivatives nyob ruaj khov mus txog qhov kub ntawm 650 ˚С. Tias yog vim li cas inorganic polymers tau cog lus tias yuav tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kub-resistant.

Tus nqi siv tau kuj yog NP, uas yog ob qho tib si ze rau cov khoom organic, thiab khaws lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Cov no suav nrog phosphates, polyphosphazenes, silicates, polymeric sulfur oxides nrog ntau pawg sab.

carbon polymers

Kev Ua Haujlwm: "Muab piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo hauv cov polymers," feem ntau pom hauv cov phau ntawv chemistry. Nws raug nquahu kom nqa nws nrog kev hais txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws NP - carbon derivatives. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb: pob zeb diamond, graphite thiab carbine.

Carbine yog ib qho khoom tsim, me me-kawm linear polymer nrog cov ntsuas tsis muaj zog uas tsis yog qis dua, tab sis raws li ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb thiabsuperior rau graphene. Txawm li cas los xij, carbine yog ib yam khoom tsis meej. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog txhua tus kws tshawb fawb paub txog nws lub neej raws li cov khoom siv ywj pheej.

Outwardly zoo li hlau-crystalline dub hmoov. Nws muaj cov khoom siv semiconductor. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm carbyne nce ntau nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teeb. Nws tsis poob cov khoom no txawm tias kub txog li 5000 ˚С, uas yog ntau dua li lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub hom phiaj no. Cov khoom tau txais nyob rau hauv lub 60s los ntawm V. V. Korshak, UA Sladkov, V. I. Kasatochkin thiab Yu. P. Kudryavtsev los ntawm catalytic oxidation ntawm acetylene. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws yog los txiav txim seb hom kev sib cog lus ntawm carbon atoms. Tom qab ntawd, ib yam khoom uas tsuas muaj ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm carbon atoms tau txais ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Organoelement Compounds ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Cov tshuaj tshiab tau hu ua polycumulene.

Graphite - hauv cov khoom siv polymer xaj txuas ntxiv tsuas yog hauv dav hlau. Nws cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsis yog los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog, yog li nws ua kom sov thiab tam sim no thiab tsis xa lub teeb. Graphite thiab nws cov derivatives yog cov muaj inorganic polymers. Piv txwv ntawm lawv siv: los ntawm xaum mus rau kev lag luam nuclear. Los ntawm oxidizing graphite, cov khoom nruab nrab oxidation tuaj yeem tau.

Pob zeb diamond - nws cov khoom yog qhov sib txawv. Pob zeb diamond yog ib qho spatial (peb-dimensional) polymer. Tag nrho cov pa roj carbon atom yog tuav ua ke los ntawm covalent bonds muaj zog. Vim tias cov polymer no tsis tshua muaj zog. Pob zeb diamond tsis ua tam sim no thiab cua sov, muaj cov qauv pob tshab.

YBoron polymers

Yog tias koj raug nug dab tsi inorganic polymers koj paub, xav teb - boron polymers (-BR-). Nov yog chav kawm dav dav ntawm NPs, dav siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb.

Boron carbide - nws cov qauv zoo li qhov tseeb dua li qhov no (B12C3) n. Nws lub cell yog rhombohedral. Lub moj khaum yog tsim los ntawm kaum ob covalently bonded boron atoms. Thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm nws yog ib pawg linear ntawm peb covalently bonded carbon atoms. Qhov tshwm sim yog tus qauv muaj zog heev.

Borides - lawv cov muaju yog tsim zoo ib yam li cov lus piav qhia saum toj no. Qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog HfB2, uas tsuas yog yaj ntawm 3250 ° C. TaB2 tau sau tseg rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siab tshaj plaws - tsis yog cov kua qaub lossis cov tshuaj sib tov ua rau nws.

Boron nitride - feem ntau hu ua dawb talc rau nws zoo ib yam. Qhov zoo sib xws no tsuas yog superficial xwb. Structurely, nws zoo ib yam li graphite. Tau txais nws los ntawm cua sov boron lossis nws cov oxide nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ammonia.

Borazon

Elbor, borazone, cyborite, kingsongite, cubonite yog superhard inorganic polymers. Piv txwv ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov: kev tsim cov hlau sib tsoo, cov khoom siv abrasive, hlau ua. Cov no yog cov tshuaj inert tshuaj raws li boron. Hardness yog ze dua li lwm cov ntaub ntawv rau pob zeb diamond. Tshwj xeeb, borazon tawm khawb ntawm pob zeb diamond, tom kawg kuj tawm khawb ntawm borazon crystals.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov ND no muaj ntau qhov zoo dua li pob zeb diamond: lawv muaj ntau duaThaum tshav kub kub tsis kam (tiv taus kub txog li 2000 ° C, pob zeb diamond raug rhuav tshem ntawm tus nqi ntawm 700-800 ° C) thiab siab tsis kam mus rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab (lawv tsis tawg li ntawd). Borazon tau txais ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1350 ° C thiab lub siab ntawm 62,000 cua los ntawm Robert Wentorf xyoo 1957. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws tau txais los ntawm Leningrad cov kws tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1963.

Inorganic sulfur polymers

Homopolymer - qhov kev hloov kho ntawm leej faj muaj cov kab hluav taws xob molecule. Cov khoom tsis ruaj khov, nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias nws tawg mus rau hauv lub voj voog octahedral. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug ntse txias ntawm cov sulfur yaj.

Kev hloov pauv polymer ntawm sulfur dioxide. Zoo ib yam li asbestos, muaj cov qauv fibrous.

YSelenium polymers

Grey selenium yog ib lub polymer nrog helical linear macromolecules zes nyob rau hauv parallel. Hauv chains, selenium atoms yog covalently bonded, thaum macromolecules txuas los ntawm molecular bonds. Txawm tias molten lossis yaj selenium tsis tawg mus rau hauv ib tus neeg atoms.

Liab lossis amorphous selenium kuj yog ib qho polymer ntawm cov saw hlau, tab sis ntawm cov qauv txiav txim me ntsis. Nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm 70-90 ˚С, nws tau txais cov khoom zoo li roj hmab, tig mus rau hauv lub xeev elastic heev, uas zoo li cov organic polymers.

Selenium carbide, lossis pob zeb siv lead ua. Thermally thiab chemically ruaj khov, txaus muaj zog spatial siv lead ua. Piezoelectric thiab semiconductor. Nyob rau hauv cov khoom tsim, nws tau txais los ntawm reacting quartz xuab zeb thiab thee nyob rau hauv lub cub hluav taws xob ntawm qhov kub ntawm txog 2000 ° C.

Lwm Selenium Polymers:

• Monoclinicselenium - xaj ntau dua li amorphous liab, tab sis qis dua rau grey.
• Selenium dioxide, lossis (SiO2)n, yog peb-dimensional network polymer.
• Asbestos yog ib qho polymer ntawm selenium oxide nrog cov qauv fibrous.

Muaj ntau qhov kev hloov kho ntawm phosphorus: dawb, liab, dub, xim av, ntshav. Liab - NP zoo-crystalline qauv. Nws tau txais los ntawm cua sov dawb phosphorus tsis muaj cua ntawm qhov kub ntawm 2500 ˚С. Dub phosphorus tau txais los ntawm P. Bridgman nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no: siab 200,000 atmospheres ntawm qhov kub ntawm 200 ° C.

Phosphornitride chlorides yog cov sib xyaw ntawm phosphorus nrog nitrogen thiab chlorine. Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj no hloov nrog nce loj. Namely, lawv solubility nyob rau hauv cov organic tshuaj txo. Thaum qhov hnyav molecular ntawm cov polymer mus txog ntau txhiab units, cov khoom siv roj hmab yog tsim. Nws yog tsuas yog cov roj hmab uas tsis muaj cua sov txaus. Nws tsuas yog tawg ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 350 ° C.

Zaj lus

Inorganic polymers feem ntau yog cov khoom uas muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm, nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tshiab thiab txawm revolutionary ntaub ntawv. Raws li cov khoom ntawm cov paub NPs tau kawm thiab tsim cov tshiab, cov peev txheej ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov nthuav dav.