Coal: muaj pes tsawg leeg, daim ntawv thov, kev rho tawm

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Lub pob zeb no, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, muaj ntau haiv neeg. Txog rau hnub tim, nws ntau yam txawv, xws li, piv txwv li, xim av thee, anthracite, thee. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm thee yog noo noo thiab ntxhia impurities. Txawm li cas los xij, hais txog kev ya raws, nws txo qhov kub ntawm combustion.

Txoj kev muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tshuaj

Dhau li ntawm qhov tseeb tias thee muaj cov dej noo, nws kuj muaj cov khoom xws li sulfur. Qhov impurity no tseem suav tias yog teeb meem, thiab nws tsis muaj nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tab sis nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm impurities xws li pyrite, calcium, hlau sulfate. Thaum siv cov thee, lossis theej, thaum nws hlawv nrog cov impurities nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev puas tsuaj evaporation yuav tsim - sulfur dioxide, lossis sulfur dioxide. Nws muaj qhov tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv yog tias nws ua pa. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom corrosion sai ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau lom cov cua nrog nws cov pa. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm leej faj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm thee, uas yog mined nyob rau hauv lub Donets Basin, yog heev tsawg. Qhov taw qhia ntawm cov khoom no tsuas yog 1-2%. Yog tias muab piv nrog cov bass thaj tsam hauv nruab nrab thiab sab qaum teb, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem tsis huv hauv lawv tsuas yog pib ntawm 3.5%. puvCov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv yog raws li nram no:

• feem pua ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau - los ntawm 50 txog 96%;
• tom qab cov pa roj carbon monoxide tuaj, cov ntsiab lus yog los ntawm 25 mus rau 37%;
• thib peb hauv daim ntawv no yog hydrogen, nws feem pua ntawm 3 txog 6%;
• Cov tshuaj kawg yog nitrogen, nws cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem yog los ntawm 0 txog 2.7%.

Peat

Hnub no, peat kuj siv, uas yog cov pob zeb seem. Nws yog siv dav heev, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias nws suav tias yog, qhov tseeb, pov tseg. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm no hom ntawm thee sib txawv nyob rau hauv uas cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov teeb meem impurities, xws li sulfur, yog ntau tsawg. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg carbon kuj poob rau 50-60%.

Brown thee

los ntawm nws tus kheej, cov pob zeb xim av yog lub ntiaj teb loj nrog kev ua kom muaj zog siab, tab sis tib lub sijhawm txig nws cov qauv woody. Kev siv hom thee no ntau dua li pob zeb, piv txwv li. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias thaum hlawv, nws tsim ib tug smoky nplaim, uas kuj tsim ib tug tsis kaj siab tsw. Nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv qhuav distillation. Nrog nws cov kev pab, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cov khoom xws li, piv txwv li, ammonia nrog acetic acid. Qhov no yug yog suav hais tias yog tus yau tshaj ntawm tag nrho lwm yam ntau yam. Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hom thee no yog raws li hauv qab no:

• as inhom yav dhau los, carbon prevails ntawm no - 50-77%;
• oxygen cov ntsiab lus yog xyaum tib yam - 26-37%;
• feem pua ntawm hydrogen yog 3-5, thiab nitrogen yog 0-2.

Nws tsim nyog ntxiv tias qhov kev txhim kho muaj zog ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias cov kws tshaj lij tau kawm yuav ua li cas thiaj li tau txais cov roj hluavtaws los ntawm cov khoom siv raw, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm txoj hauv kev roj.

coal

Cov khoom siv pob txha no yog cov khoom siv hloov pauv ntawm lignite mus rau anthracite. Nws txawv ntawm qhov nws yog ib qho roj zoo heev, tsis zoo li xim av. Nws yog hom no uas yog mined tshaj plaws hauv peb lub sijhawm. Nws yog feem ntau siv los ua roj rau thermal fais fab nroj tsuag, piv txwv li. Nws yog qhov zoo heev rau cov cua sov ntawm cov tsev ntiav, rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, thiab lwm yam. Tus nqi calorific uas hom raw khoom no muaj ntau dua li cov xim av. Raws li teeb meem impurities, hom thee no muaj cov dej noo ntawm 3 mus rau 12%. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj muaj 32% volatile burning substances.

Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg txawv ntawm hom yav dhau los. Cov pa roj carbon ntau dua - los ntawm 75 mus rau 93%. Cov ntsiab lus oxygen tau txo qis - 3-19%, cov ntsiab lus hydrogen tseem nyob ntawm tib theem - 4-6%. Qhov taw qhia nitrogen tseem qis - mus txog 2.7%.

Yog koj nug cov lus nug, qhov twg thee zoo dua, cov lus teb rau nws, feem ntau yuav yog cov hauv qab no: anthracite. Nws txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias nws cov qauv yog tuab li sai tau, qhov saum npoo yog me ntsis ci, thiab tus nqi calorific muaj qhov taw qhia zoo tshaj plaws. Nws tsuas yog drawback yog tias nws teeb heev heev. Feem ntau nws yog siv los ua tej yam xws li carbon electrodes, electrode paste. Nws siv los ua cov khoom siv roj raw hauv kev lag luam metallurgy yog ntau heev. Qhov tob ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub pob zeb no loj heev - 6 km. Ntawm cov tshuaj, nws muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau ntawm 95-97%, nrog rau hydrogen - los ntawm 1 txog 3%.

Txoj kev mining

Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias txoj kev ntawm kev rho tawm yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov thee tso nyiaj, lossis theej, ntawm qhov tob ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej no, txoj kev qhib (khoom siv) thiab mine, kaw txoj kev yog qhov txawv. Txhua txoj kev yog qhov txawv ntawm nws cov thev naus laus zis, nrog rau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.

Qhib Mining

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm qhov qhib qhov chaw mining yog kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus txheeb ze. Cov khoom yog tias nws tsuas yog siv yog tias qhov tob ntawm pob zeb tsis ntau tshaj 100 meters. Hauv lwm lo lus, tsis muaj ncej tsim uas tuaj yeem tawg thaum muaj xwm txheej. Cov txheej txheem tsuas yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem hauv qab no.

Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tshem tawm cov txheej saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm cov av uas npog lub pob zeb. Cov txheej no yog hu ua overburden, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws tshem tawm yog overburden. Cov txheej txheem no, nyob ntawm seb hom av, yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab ntawm bulldozers, draglines, thoob-log excavators los yog scrapers. Tom qab cov av txheej raug tshem tawm, koj tuaj yeem mus rau crushing pob zeb nws tus kheej. Raucrushers, phom dej, bulldozers thiab lwm yam khoom siv rau qhov no. Yog hais tias lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub thee deposit yog tuab heev, ces nyob rau hauv tsawg zaus, drilling thiab blasting ntawm cov thee yog siv. Txoj kev mining no feem ntau npog thaj tsam loj.

Raws li qhov tsis txaus ntawm txoj kev, lawv muaj raws li hauv qab no:

• Ua ntej, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig ntawm qhov chaw mining.
• Secondly, tag nrho cov pob zeb uas mined nyob rau hauv no txoj kev muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm teeb meem impurities nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhib qhov av mining, ntxiv rau kev nyab xeeb, yog kev kub ceev, nrog rau kev lag luam.

thib ob txoj kev

Kaw, lossis txoj kev mine, raws li koj xav, yog siv yog tias lub pob zeb nyob tob txaus hauv av. Ntawm thaj chaw tiaj tus, txoj kab ntsug lossis kab rov tav yog tsim los ntawm cov seam nrog cov thee, tom qab ntawd tsim ib lub mine. Yog hais tias lub thee seam nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam roob, ces qhov adit yog qhov chaw uas qhib qhov chaw ua hauj lwm.

Kev khawb av hauv av tuaj yeem nqa tau siv cov phab ntsa ntev lossis los ntawm chav tsev thiab ncej. Lavas yog lub ntsej muag ntev. Tej zaum yuav muaj ib lossis ntau lub ntsej muag zoo li no hauv ib qhov kuv. Nyob rau hauv xws li lub ntsej muag, thee yog txiav mus rau hauv pieces siv ib tug mining ua ke. Txhawm rau xa cov khoom siv raw rau saum npoo, tib lub tshuab txiav yog siv. Nws thauj cov pob zeb rau ntawm lub conveyor. Yog tias koj siv txoj kev no, koj tuaj yeem tau txais yuav luag tag nrho cov thee uas muaj nyob hauvtsim. Yog tias cov thee tsis sib sib zog nqus, ces siv txoj hauv kev hauv chav tsev thiab ncej. Hauv qhov no, cov ncej thiab kab rov tav yog siv, uas yog tsim los ntawm lawv.

Tam sim no, kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam thee. Kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev sib koom ua ke automated ntau lawm nrog kev siv lub ru tsev txhawb nqa tau qhia. Ib txoj hauv kev tab tom tsim tawm uas yuav tso cai rau kev tswj chaw taws teeb ntawm txhua lub tshuab mining.

Qhov zoo ntawm txoj kev suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

• qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov thee yuav zoo heev;
• hom kev mining no tsis tshua muaj teeb meem rau ib puag ncig;

Ntawm qhov tsis txaus, nws tsim nyog hais tias txoj kev no yog txoj kev mining txaus ntshai tshaj plaws, thiab nws tseem yuav xav tau nyiaj txiag tseem ceeb rau nws txoj kev siv.

Donetsk Coal Basin

Lub phiab no nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw xws li Donetsk, Luhansk, Dnepropetrovsk los ntawm sab ntawm Ukraine. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj av Rostov ntawm Lavxias Federation. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub phiab no yog kwv yees li 60 txhiab km2, 50 txhiab tus uas nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine. Yog hais tias peb tham txog nws ntev, ces nws yog hais txog 650 km nyob rau hauv lub sublatitudinal kev taw qhia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws qhov siab tshaj plaws ncav cuag tsuas yog 200 km. Raws li qhov zoo thiab cov khoom ntawm mined thee, lawv txawv heev. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv lub Donetsk thee phiab muaj tag nrhometamorphic series ntawm no fossil. Hauv lwm lo lus, txhua qhov thee tuaj yeem raug khawb ntawm no - los ntawm xim av mus rau anthracite.

Quality kindling charcoal

Ntau zaus cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov thee haum rau kev tsim cov roj boiler. Nws tsis yog tsim nyog kom paub tag nrho nws cov khoom. Ua tib zoo mloog cov hauv qab no:

• Caloric cov ntsiab lus, los yog kub ntawm combustion. Cov yam ntxwv no piav qhia txog qhov kub npaum li cas cov roj muaj peev xwm tsim tau thaum hlawv.
• Ash cov ntsiab lus yog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom zoo. Qhov me me ntawm tus lej ntawm tus yam ntxwv no, qhov zoo dua cov thee yuav yog, uas txhais tau hais tias nws yuav muab cov cua sov ntau thaum lub sij hawm combustion. Rau cov tsiaj zoo, tus nqi tsawg dua 25%.
• Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas cov av noo. Nws tuaj yeem yog sab nraud lossis sab hauv. Sab nrauv tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ziab cov thee, tab sis sab hauv tsuas yog tshem tawm los ntawm kev hlawv.

ua kom carbon

Cov qauv ntawm cov thee no yog ntxeem tau, thiab nws tau los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv carbon uas muaj cov organic keeb kwm. Cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv raw yuav yog los ntawm 87 mus rau 97%; hydrogen, nitrogen thiab oxygen kuj tseem muaj. Hais txog nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, hom thee no zoo ib yam li graphite. Tsis tas li ntawd, hom khoom siv raw no tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb chav kawm nyob ntawm seb hom khoom siv raw yuav tsum tau txais, raws li txoj kev ua kom, txoj kev ua kom muaj zog thiab lub hom phiaj.