Railway choj: cov yam ntxwv dav dav thiab ntau yam
Railway choj: cov yam ntxwv dav dav thiab ntau yam

Video: Railway choj: cov yam ntxwv dav dav thiab ntau yam

Video: Railway choj: cov yam ntxwv dav dav thiab ntau yam
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Anonim

Tom qab muaj kev thauj mus los ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, nws tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog rau txoj kev hla tus dej. Pib txij lub sijhawm ntawd, cov choj tsim los rau hom kev thauj mus los no tau pib ua kom loj heev thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lawv kuj tau tsim tsa feem ntau thaum tsim kev thauj mus los ntawm kev sib tshuam nrog txoj kev loj. Ib tug niaj hnub railway choj yog ib tug complex engineering qauv uas tso cai rau cov tsheb ciav hlau mus kov yeej tej teeb meem (piv txwv li, ravines, gorges, canals, straits, thiab txawm lub nroog infrastructure).

railroad choj
railroad choj

Pib kev tsim kho hauv Russia

Xyoo 1773, Ivan Kulibin tau tsim ib txoj haujlwm rau tus choj nrog cov hlua khi, thiab peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib puas xyoo tom qab, nws thawj zaug tau hais kom siv cov qauv hlau hauv kev tsim cov khoom zoo li no. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab lub advent ntawm railway thauj, cov tswv yim no ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm domestic choj tsev. Txawm li ntawd los, engineers twb paub txog qhov tseeb hais tias xws li ib tug khoom raws li ib tug railway choj yuav tsum tau ncekev xav tau, siv cov khoom siv ruaj khov dua. Ntxiv mus, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los xyuas kom meej kev tiv thaiv ntawm dov Tshuag los ntawm derailment.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov hlau, pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog tau pib siv rau hauv kev tsim cov choj, thaum lawv cov kev txhawb nqa tau tsim los ntawm pob zeb. Cov duab thiab tsim qauv ntawm cov qauv no tau hloov ntau zaus nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej vim yog kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim qauv tshiab.

Tim kev tsheb ciav hlau txuas hniav

Tam sim no, kev tsheb ciav hlau txuas hniav tau muab cais raws li ob peb yam tseem ceeb. Yog tias qhov ntev tsawg dua 25 meters, ces lawv suav tias me me, los ntawm 25 mus rau 100 meters - nruab nrab, los ntawm 100 mus rau 500 meters - loj, ntau tshaj 500 meters - tawm ntawm chav kawm.

Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg txoj kev taug, ib leeg-khiav, ob txoj kev thiab ntau txoj kev sib tw yog qhov txawv. Raws li txoj kev thauj khoom tau pom los ntawm kev txhawb nqa, muaj arched, beam hanging, thav duab, ntsia hlau thiab sib xyaw ua ke. Nyob ntawm cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim kho (qhov kev xaiv xaiv ntau tshaj plaws), nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov hlau, pob zeb, pob zeb, ntoo thiab txuas txuas.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias hauv kev tsim kho ntawm txhua hom, raws li txoj cai, kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam khoom siv. Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau-txoj kev choj yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw zoo li no. Nws peculiarity nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nws tso cai rau txoj kev ntawm ob txoj kev thauj thiab tsheb ciav hlau.

kev tsim kho ntawm railway choj
kev tsim kho ntawm railway choj

choj ntoo

Qhov ntau yam no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim choj nyob rau theem pib. Qhov no yog vim qhov pheej yig, simplicity thiab ceev ntawm kev tsim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, nws tau pom tseeb tias tus choj ntoo railway yog hluav taws kub. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog nws cov fragility thiab kev saib xyuas nyuaj. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev technologies, xws li cov qauv tau maj mam hloov los ntawm lawv cov pob zeb, hlau thiab reinforced pob zeb "cov kwv tij". Niaj hnub no, kev tsim kho hom no yuav luag tsis siv.

pob zeb choj

Feem ntau ntawm cov choj pob zeb uas twb muaj lawm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum cuaj. Lawv lub ntsiab kom zoo dua yog durability thiab lub zog. Ntxiv mus, lawv yog insensitive rau shock loads thiab nce loj ntawm tsheb ciav hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim kho ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau txuas hniav los ntawm pob zeb yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev. Lawv tsuas tuaj yeem txhim kho nrog luv luv thiab hauv av. Nrog kev tiv thaiv zoo noo noo thiab kev saib xyuas kom zoo, lawv tuaj yeem sawv tau ntau pua xyoo.

Railway choj hla tus dej
Railway choj hla tus dej

hlau txuas hniav

Ntau yam no yog qhov dav tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Xws li ib tug railway choj yog ib tug qauv nyob rau hauv uas tsuas spans yog ua los ntawm hlau. Lawv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm carbon steels lossis alloys. Lawv raug ntsia rau ntawm pob zeb, pob zeb lossis cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm hom no yog qhov ua tau los ua ke mechanization thiabindustrial zus tau tej cov yam ntxwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, spans tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau ntawm txoj kev hinged lossis xa los ntawm dej. Lub tsuas drawback ntawm xws li ib tug qauv yog lub susceptibility ntawm cov qauv rau corrosion.

railway-road choj
railway-road choj

Txoj kev ua vaj tse pob zeb

Txhim kho pob zeb kev tsheb ciav hlau hla tus dej los yog lwm yam kev cuam tshuam yog ib qho qauv uas cov spans tau them nrog cov pob zeb ua vaj tse. Lawv qhov ntev, raws li txoj cai, yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 6 mus rau 16 meters. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ribbed lug los yog nrog ib lub thawv seem feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv lub spans. Kev txhawb nqa yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb lossis cov pob zeb ntxiv.

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam no suav hais tias yog lub neej ua haujlwm ntev, nrog rau cov nqi kho mob qis. Raws li qhov tsis txaus, ntawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tsuas yog qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm cov chips thiab cov kab nrib pleb vim qhov loj loj.

Finland Choj

Finland railway choj hla Neva yog ib qho ntawm qhov pom kev ci ntsa iab ntawm St. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev thauj mus los thiab yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub npe yog vim lub fact tias cov railways ntawm Russia thiab Finland yog kev cob cog rua los ntawm nws. Qhov tseeb, tus qauv yog ob txoj kev sib txuas sib txuas uas nyob ib sab. Tag nrho qhov ntev yog 538.2 meters.

Finnish railway choj
Finnish railway choj

Finland railway choj yogkho tau. Nws tau tsim los ntawm 1910 thiab 1913. Nws tsim muaj plaub hlau arched lug nrog ib tug adjustable ib feem nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Tus choj suav hais tias yog ib qho khoom siv tswv yim, yog li kev txav ntawm cov neeg taug kev ntawm nws raug txwv. Xws li engineers paub zoo li G. Krivoshein, N. Belolyubsky thiab I. Alexandrov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm lub project. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov qauv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam Lavxias, vim tias nrog nws cov tsos, kev sib txuas lus kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm peb lub tebchaws nrog txhua lub xeev Scandinavian tau nce ntau ntxiv.

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