Mushroom farm - ib lub tswv yim rau koj tus kheej lag luam

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Txhua lub lag luam yog hom nyiaj tau los uas yuav luag txhua tus xav tau. Tam sim no, txhua tus neeg xav kom muaj kev ywj pheej nyiaj txiag thiab khwv tau nyiaj nyob hauv cov haujlwm uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Tom qab tag nrho, txwv tsis pub txoj haujlwm yuav zoo li kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Nrog rau qhov no, kev lag luam xws li ua liaj ua teb nceb tuaj yeem ua tau nyiaj tau zoo.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo ntawm qhov no, ib tus tuaj yeem suav cov txheeb cais, raws li ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem nyob hauv Russia nyiam noj nceb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus mus rau lawv tus kheej tshawb nrhiav, tab sis feem ntau ntawm lawv mus ntsib cov khw lossis cov khw kom txuag sijhawm, qhov twg cov nceb tau sau tseg thiab nws tsuas yog khaws lawv, txawm li cas los xij, rau qee qhov nyiaj. Ntxiv mus, kev noj ntawm cov khoom no yog nce txhua xyoo los ntawm 20-25%.

Yog vim li cas thiaj xav tau ntau

Kev thov nceb nceb vim ntau yam laj thawj. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tsim nyog sau cia lawv cov nqi qis piv rau cov nqaij nruab deg lossis cov khoom noj nqaij. Dab tsiRaws li cov txiaj ntsig, lawv tsis muaj qhov qis dua rau cov khoom lag luam hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov as-ham muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg lub cev.

Vim cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein ntau thiab cov zaub mov (poov tshuaj, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium thiab lwm yam) hauv cov khoom, ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam li cas xws li kev lag luam ua liaj ua teb nceb hauv tsev. Oyster nceb, champignon, shiitake - tag nrho cov nceb no tsuas yog lub tsev khaws khoom tiag tiag rau peb lub cev.

Feem ntau, cov nceb qhuav yog absorbed los ntawm tib neeg zoo dua cov tshiab. Thiab vim muaj cov tsis muaj roj fatty acids nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, ntsev deposits tsis tshwm sim rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev ua lag luam

Dab tsi yog qhov zoo ntawm kev lag luam nceb? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog ib qho me me ntawm thawj qhov kev koom tes, uas tsis tshwm sim nrog txhua lub lag luam. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb pluses yog:

• tsis raws caij nyoog;
• siab feem pua ntawm profitability;
• nce kev thov nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lag luam;
• qoob loo tuaj yeem sau tau txhua lub lim tiam;
• ib lub substrate tuaj yeem siv tau txog peb zaug.

Ntxiv rau, yog koj ua liaj ua teb nceb, koj yuav tsis tas them nqi xauj tsev ntau.

Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov haujlwm no kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo. Ib qho ntawm cov no yog kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam rau cov neeg lag luam wholesale. Nws kuj tsis yooj yim los tswj cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho kom zoo ntawm nceb.

Yuav ua li cas?

Ntseeg cov ntsej muagqhov xav tau qhib lawv tus kheej ua lag luam, lawv xav paub tias lawv muag tau dab tsi lossis cov kev pabcuam twg lawv tuaj yeem muab tau. Xav txog qhov no piv txwv ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb nceb, peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau qhov kev lag luam uas cov khoom tuaj yeem muab rau hauv daim ntawv hauv qab no:

• fresh:
• frozen;
• npau taws.

Qee zaum lub khw tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog cov nceb qhuav. Raws li A. V. Khrenov, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Mushroom Loj hlob, kev lag luam Lavxias tau ntim cov khoom tshiab los ntawm 22%; 28% poob rau cov kaus poom nceb. Qhov seem 50% yog khoom noj khov.

Nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm kev lag luam xws li nceb ua liaj ua teb, nws tsim nyog hais txog qee cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav tau txais los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom loj. Rov qab rau xyoo 2004, kev lag luam hauv tsev tau ntim cov nceb khov rau 15 txhiab tons, thiab tag nrho cov khoom siv tau zoo yog 30 txhiab tons. Txawm hais tias cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam muab lwm cov nuj nqis - 60 txhiab tons. Thiab feem ntau txhim kho ntu yog sawv cev los ntawm cov nceb khov, qhov kev thov uas nce 30% xyoo dhau los.

Tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho kev noj nceb rau tag nrho xyoo 2003 muaj txog li 500 txhiab tons, uas yog sib npaug rau kev noj tsawg kawg 3 kg ntawm cov khoom no los ntawm txhua tus neeg. Rau kev sib piv, hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tsis muaj ntau tshaj 2.5 kg ntawm nceb rau ib tus neeg. Yog li ntawd, nws ua rau muaj kev xav txog yam uas tuaj yeem ua lag luam tau.

pib qhov twg?

Txhua yam kev ua lag luam, suav nrog kev ua liaj ua teb nceb hauv tsev, tsis muajtsis muaj kev npaj ua lag luam zoo. Ua tsaug rau nws, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov theem tseem ceeb uas koj yuav tsum mus. Ib txoj kev npaj rau kev cog qoob loo thiab kev muag cov nceb ntxiv tuaj yeem suav nrog ob peb kauj ruam tseem ceeb, thaum lub sijhawm tsim nyog:

• muas noob;
• npaj lub substrate (raw khoom);
• ncaj nceb nceb;
• muag khoom.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab txog kev xaiv cov khoom siv, ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab suav nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb sib npaug. Txawm li cas los xij, cia peb tsis tau ua ntej ntawm peb tus kheej thiab sim xav txog hom kev lag luam no los ntawm txhua sab.

Nkauj sab xis ntawm qhov teeb meem

Ua ntej koj pib txav mus rau qhov kev txiav txim, koj yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab txog kev cai lij choj ntawm kev lag luam. Txij li cov nceb yog zaub mov, qee qhov teeb meem yuav tsum tau daws nrog lub xeev ua ntej lub nceb ua liaj ua teb qhib. Qhov kev lag luam no yuav tsum tau sau npe ntawm nws cov haujlwm thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv rau cov kev pabcuam se. Koj tuaj yeem ua tus neeg ua lag luam, raws li OKVED code - A.01.12.31. Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum xaiv ib qho kev them se. Hauv qhov no, nws yuav txaus los xaiv ib qho se ua liaj ua teb.

Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum mus ntsib ntau lub tsev. Txhawm rau pib, koj tuaj yeem mus rau qhov chaw soj ntsuam hluav taws kom tau daim ntawv tso cai. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum paub meej tias qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, uas yuav tsum tau xa ib batch ntawm nceb rau kev tsom xam. Yog tias txhua yam nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim, lub chaw soj nstuam muab daim ntawv pov thawj zoo uas koj tuaj yeem pib kojbusiness.

Tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem yuav tsum tau muab tawm, ib qho yog daim ntawv tso cai uas muab txoj cai muag nceb. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv yog daim ntawv pov thawj phytosanitary. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis mob kom tau txais cov lus qhia khaws cia thiab thauj khoom.

Kev xaiv cov khoom nyoos

Ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam yog kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw los ntawm cov nceb cog rau ntawm cov nceb ua liaj ua teb. Rau lub hom phiaj no, mycelium yog siv, los yog, raws li nws kuj hu ua, mycelium. Cov noob yooj yim no feem ntau tuaj yeem yuav ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov ua liaj ua teb nceb. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj twb muaj kev paub dhau los lawm, koj tuaj yeem loj hlob ntawm koj tus kheej.

Thaum yuav lub npe hu ua cov noob muaj ntawv tso cai, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias nws zoo. Ib tug zoo mycelium yog dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim, emits ib tug qab ntxiag mushroom tsw thiab tsis muaj ib tug me ntsis ntawm nws. Nws yuav tsis yog superfluous nug tus neeg muag khoom txog qhov muaj daim ntawv tso cai, uas nws yuav tsum muaj.

Qhov thib ob tsim nyog raw cov ntaub ntawv yog lub substrate - nws yog nyob ntawm nws cov nceb loj hlob. Nws kuj tuaj yeem ua los ntawm koj tus kheej. Ua li no, straw (nplej, rye, barley), flax pit thiab pob kws stalks tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Thiab txhawm rau kom cov nceb ua liaj ua teb tsim cov qoob loo ntau ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov khoom hauv qab no:

• sawdust;
• chips;
• tsob ntoo ntoo;
• chaff thiab lwm yam khoom pov tseg hauv tsev.

Thaum ua koj tus kheej substrate, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom paub tseeb tias cov khoom siv raw khoom siv yog ib puag ncig zoo. Txwv tsis pub, koj tuaj yeem raug kev txom nyem loj qoob loo, thiab qhov zoo ntawm nceb vimrau qhov muaj ntau yam tshuaj yuav tawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws.

Yuav npaj ua cov substrate los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom sib txawv, koj tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias nce mus txog 2 kg ntawm nceb tuaj yeem loj hlob los ntawm 10 kg ntawm raw khoom. Ntawm chav kawm, raug rau tag nrho cov tsim nyog tej yam kev mob rau lawv cultivation. Cia li nco ntsoov tias tus nqi ntawm cov substrate no sib npaug rau tus nqi ntawm 1 kg ntawm nceb ntawm tus nqi lag luam.

Ua ntej koj qhib koj txoj kev lag luam, koj yuav tsum paub nws qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov nceb ua liaj ua teb tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb; champignons yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev xav tau ntxiv rau kev loj hlob. Rau lub substrate uas cov nceb yuav loj hlob, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv hom qoob mog straw. Ua ntej, nws yuav tsum tau zoo qhuav, tws thiab soaked nyob rau hauv dej. Txij li cov quav cab absorbs nws zoo kawg nkaus, cov hauv qab no yuav tsum tau noj: 2.5 feem ntawm cov kua ib 1 feem ntawm straw. Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum ntxiv manure los yog qaib quav rau hauv cov quav ntub dej thiab tawm hauv cov quav kom paub tab. Qhov no feem ntau siv ob lub lis piam, thiab cov thawv tshwj xeeb aerated yog siv los tso cua nkag.

Cov nplooj lwg no zoo tagnrho rau kev loj hlob qoob loo ntawm champignons thiab oyster nceb. Tab sis vim yog kev ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm nws cov creation, nws tsis yog siv rau tom kawg, txij li thaum koj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev xaiv yooj yim - substrate.

Room

Nrhiav thiab xaiv qhov chaw zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam xws li ua liaj ua teb nceb, champignons xav tau kev pom zoo rau kev loj hlob. Twb tau kev ua lag luam nyob rau hauvNyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyiam yog muab rau cultivation Chambers nyob rau hauv uas tsim nyog microclimate tej yam kev mob yog khaws cia. Tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide tuaj yeem sib txawv, nyob ntawm theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm fungi.

Tab sis cov neeg lag luam novice tuaj yeem xaiv rau lub tsev cog khoom, hauv qab daus lossis lub tsev. Cov chav xaiv yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cua thiab cua sov tshuab. Qhov kub yuav tsum tau khaws cia hauv thaj tsam ntawm 12-16, tab sis tsis ntau tshaj 25 degrees. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom ntseeg tau tias cov av noo siab - txog 80 lossis 90%. Rau ib chav me, nws tsis yooj yim los tswj nws; nws yog txaus rau irrigate lub hnab nrog substrate. Tab sis yog tias npaj ntau lawm, ces cov cua txias thiab cua humidifiers tsis tuaj yeem muab xa nrog.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim ua liaj ua teb nceb txhais tau tias muaj cov kab hluav taws xob hauv thaj chaw thiab cov dej tsis cuam tshuam. Yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom tshem tawm nws qhov ntau dhau.

Hais txog qhov ntev, ntawm no nws tsim nyog xav txog qhov ntsuas ntawm ntau lawm. Rau kev pib, koj tuaj yeem xaiv ib chav nrog thaj tsam ntawm 15 txog 20 square meters. m. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias yav tom ntej nws tau npaj kom nthuav dav ntau lawm, ces chav tsev yuav tsum tau xaiv ua ntej dav dua. Nws tuaj yeem yuav lossis xauj. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov pib peev. Yog tias muaj nyiaj txaus, ces nws zoo dua los yuav qhov chaw tam sim ntawd, txwv tsis pub tus nqi xauj tsev.

Ntxiv rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, chav tsev yuav tsum muab qhov chaw cia thiab pasteurization ntawm substrate. Txog qhov kawg no, nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua cov chav cais kom yooj yim.

khoom siv

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev teeb tsa thaj chaw ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb hom qoob loo twg cov nceb ua liaj ua teb yuav loj hlob. Oyster nceb nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog cov nceb unpretentious, thiab champignons xav tau tej yam kev mob. Hais txog cov cuab yeej siv, cov npe yuav tsum suav nrog cov cuab yeej hauv qab no:

• tub yees;
• humidifiers;
• heaters;
• steam generators.

Thaum cog oyster nceb, koj yuav xav tau lub hnab uas lawv yuav loj hlob. Txhawm rau sau cov nceb, koj tuaj yeem siv lub thawv ntoo lossis yas. Yuav cov khoom siv raw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog straw, yuav tsum tau kho cua sov. Rau lub hom phiaj no, chav generators yog muas nyob rau hauv uas cov txheej txheem pasteurization tshwm sim. Yog tias muaj lub teeb ntuj me me hauv chav, ces koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kev yuav cov teeb fluorescent.

ntiav neeg ua haujlwm

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov liaj teb nceb hauv Russia xav tau cov neeg ua haujlwm, vim tias ib tus neeg ua lag luam tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog kev lag luam zoo li no, txawm tias nws yuav nyuaj npaum li cas. Yog li ntawd, kom muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev lag luam thiab kom tsis txhob poob, nws yuav tsum tau xav txog kev ntiav neeg ua haujlwm.

Tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg ua haujlwm yav tom ntej, txij li nyob rau hauv peb lub tebchaws lawv tsis qhia cov hauv paus ntawm nceb science. Tsuas yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm yog tias lawv muaj phau ntawv kho mob. Ib yam li lwm txoj haujlwm, cov neeg sib tw raug txhawb kom tsis txhob muaj tus cwj pwm phem, kev ua siab zoo, thiab kev ncaj ncees. Yog tias xav tau, koj tuaj yeem nyiam tus kws tshaj lij hauv daim teb no, tsuas yognws cov nyiaj hli yuav siab dua li ib txwm. Ua ib qho kev xaiv, muab ib feem pua ntawm kev muag cov nceb.

Muaj pes tsawg tus neeg yuav ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom cog. Yog tias qhov ntim tau npaj yuav loj hlob mus txog 50-100 kg ntawm nceb ib hnub, ob tus neeg yuav ua haujlwm zoo heev. Yog tias qhov ntim ntau dua - 200-300 kg ib hnub, ces cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau nce mus rau 3 lossis 4 tus neeg.

Tab sis cov neeg no yuav ua haujlwm ncaj qha nrog nceb. Yog li ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom ntiav ob tus neeg ua haujlwm lossis ib tus neeg los npaj cov substrate. Lwm tus yuav daws cov teeb meem kev muag khoom. Yog tias tus neeg ua lag luam tsis nkag siab ib yam dab tsi hauv cov teeb meem nyiaj txiag, ces tus accountant yuav tsum raug ntiav.

khoom muag

Thaum tsim lub phiaj xwm ua lag luam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus muag rau nceb. Cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb tuaj yeem pom ntawm:

• supermarkets;
• markets;
• wholesale buyers;
• shops;
• tsev noj mov thiab tsev noj mov.

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov kev pom zoo, cov neeg yuav khoom lag luam yog qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws. Qhov no tso cai rau koj muag cov khoom lag luam ntau, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov nyiaj tau los.

Tab sis nws tsim nyog xav txog tias tus nqi lag luam wholesale qis dua tus nqi ntawm cov nceb nceb. Tab sis, tib lub sij hawm, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom raug txo kom tsawg. Thiab txhawm rau txo qis tus nqi thauj cov nceb me ntsis, cov chaw tsim khoom yuav tsum nyob ze ze rau lub nroog.

Xaiv ntawm profitability

nyiaj txiagib txoj kev npaj uas suav nrog cov nuj nqis thiab cov nyiaj tau los yuav tsum tau muab. Ntawm cov nuj nqis yuav yog cov khoom hauv qab no:

• Rent - los ntawm 12 txog 13 txhiab rubles / hli
• Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv raw yog kwv yees li 80 txhiab rubles.
• Nyiaj hli rau cov neeg ua haujlwm - 35 txhiab rubles / hli
• Kev them nqi hluav taws xob - los ntawm 9 txog 10 txhiab rubles.
• Kev thauj khoom raw thiab cov khoom tiav - los ntawm 16 txog 17 txhiab rubles.

Cov nyiaj tau los, yog tias peb rho tawm cov cuab yeej ua liaj ua teb thiab cov nqi teev tseg, yuav yog 300 txhiab rubles. ib hlis. Yog tias peb suav nrog kev koom tes ib zaug rau kev qhib kev lag luam, tom qab ntawd kev them nyiaj rov qab ntawm kev lag luam yuav siv sijhawm rau lub hlis.