Tsim kev npaj ntau lawm: theem, dej num thiab lub hom phiaj

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no yog los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim thiab kho tshiab ntawm cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm, cov txheej txheem nce qib thiab cov txheej txheem hauv kev tsim khoom. Kev sib xyaw ua ke uas ua kom muaj kev txhim kho tas li ntawm kev tsim thiab thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam, nrog rau kev ua raws li kev siv nyiaj txiag tsim nyog, yog hu ua kev npaj tsim khoom. Nws yog raws li cov txheej txheem tshiab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab engineering (tsim thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim khoom).

Type of studies

Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tuaj yeem nce qib ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom tsim. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov txheej txheem lossis cov xwm txheej uas lawv tau hais, lawv tau txiav txim siab hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb pawg tseem ceeb:

• Kev Tshawb Fawb -ua kom tau txais cov cai tshiab lossis cov qauv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm ib puag ncig kev muaj tiag, nrog rau kev siv ntxiv rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev lag luam ntawm tib neeg. Ua los ntawm cov koom haum tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb (specialized).
• Kev tshawb nrhiav - sim qhib cov qauv rau kev tsim khoom, uas tso cai rau kom nce qib kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm tag nrho ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov chaw hauv pej xeem.
• Applied - nyob rau hauv txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, lawv tso cai daws cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb thiab engineering tshwj xeeb, tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab lossis tsim qauv.

Kev tshawb fawb yooj yim feem ntau yog tsoomfwv nyiaj txiag vim nws feem ntau tsis muaj nqi lag luam. Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab siv cov kev tshawb fawb yog tsom rau kev daws teeb meem thiab feem ntau yog nyiaj txiag los ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. Kev tshawb fawb txog cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb, ua raws li ib txoj kev npaj tshwj xeeb, hu ua lub ntsiab lus tshawb fawb (kev lag luam-kev cog lus).

Raws li txoj cai, tsim ua ntej tsim khoom suav nrog qee yam kev tshawb fawb.

theem ntawm kev siv cov ncauj lus tshawb fawb

Kev lag luam-daim ntawv cog lus, uas yog, nyiaj txiag los ntawm ib tus neeg lag luam, thiab kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ua tiav raws li qee yam kev cai:

• txhim kho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv rau qhov teeb meem kom daws tau thiab kev kawm ua tau ntawm cov lus thov;
• xaiv kev tshawb fawb qhia, uas yog raws likawm cov kev daws teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm, tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv patent, thiab tsim cov txheej txheem kev siv dav dav;
• kev tshawb fawb (theoretical thiab sim) los txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm theoretical ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag tau los ntawm kev sim;
• cov lus xaus dav dav ntawm kev ua tiav thiab kev npaj daim ntawv qhia.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais yog lub hauv paus rau theem ntxiv ntawm kev npaj tsim khoom. Ib lub tuam txhab kev lag luam uas tau tsim cov tuam tsev rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab (tus tsim qauv, tus kws tshaj lij thev naus laus zis) hauv nws cov qauv tsim tuaj yeem ua nws tus kheej ua cov kev tshawb fawb no. Yog tias tsim nyog, nws muaj peev xwm nyiam cov koom haum tshawb fawb sab nraud (cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov tuam txhab lag luam), uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm tus kheej theem.

Kev tshawb fawb (cov txheej txheem tshiab) tso cai rau koj kom tau txais peb hom kev tsim kho tshiab - kev tshawb pom, kev tsim kho thiab kev xav pom zoo. Lawv cov kev taw qhia rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev lag luam yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm lub sijhawm thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv lub koom haum tsim thiab kev npaj kev tsim khoom.

teeb meem dav dav ntawm lub koom haum

Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev lag luam kev lag luam xav tau kev kho kom zoo dua qub ntawm cov tsev lag luam, cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis thiabcov khoom siv hauv vaj tse (tsheb thauj mus los, engineering networks, kev sib txuas lus, thiab lwm yam) vim lub cev tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab kev siv tshuab ntawm lub tuam txhab kom ua tau raws li cov kev lag luam tshiab thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Qhov twg yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom ua ntej.

Qib tiag tiag ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam yuav tsum raug ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm teev tseg, suav nrog ntau qhov ntsuas ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Lawv raug soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ob qho tib si ntawm lub enterprise nws tus kheej thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam systems, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rationally kho lawv. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev tswj hwm cov peev nyiaj lag luam thiab kev tswj hwm lawv hauv kev ua haujlwm yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim kho vaj tse ntawm cov lag luam.

Txoj kev ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas

Raws li txoj cai, cov ntsuas tau txiav txim siab raws li qee yam kev cai:

1. Qib ntawm cov cuab yeej siv - cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom tau muab li cas nrog cov nyiaj tsim nyog (nyiaj) thiab cov peev txheej tsim nyog.
2. Qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab - kev faib ua feem ntawm cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev siv zog ua haujlwm, feem pua ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov tswv yim, lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siv, kev tsim nyog ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom seem.
3. Nov zoo thiab ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej - kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm, kev siv cov khoom siv, ntsuas kev ntseeg tau (kev ntseeg tau, durability, kev ruaj ntseg thiabkev nyab xeeb), lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev ua haujlwm, feem pua ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo, feem pua ntawm cov cuab yeej siv lub cev thiab kev coj ncaj ncees.
4. Cov cim qhia ntawm kev siv tshuab (automation) - tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuab ua haujlwm ua haujlwm; Feem pua ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv automated (technologies).

Lub txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj tsim khoom tso cai rau koj tswj hwm tus nqi ntawm cov ntsuas no nyob rau hauv qhov txwv tau tsim.

Technological development directions

Yuav daws cov teeb meem ceev ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntau lawm lub sijhawm, ntau cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam. Rau lawv txoj kev siv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kev npaj ntawm kev tsim khoom yog koom nrog. Cov chaw no suav nrog:

• Kev tsim cov chaw tshiab - tsim kev lag luam los ntawm kos, tsim ib chav tsim khoom tshiab (rhiav, qhov chaw) raws li txoj cai lij choj.
• Kev nce qib ntawm cov tuam txhab uas twb muaj lawm - kev qhia txog kev muaj peev xwm ntxiv ntawm kev lag luam los ntawm kev tsim cov kev faib lossis chaw ntxiv; nce hneev taw ntawm cov chav nyob uas twb muaj lawm los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm, muaj peev xwm ua kom cov khoom lag luam nce ntxiv thiab cov nqi ua haujlwm tau zoo.
• Reconstruction - hloov ntawm ib tug neeg subsystems ntawm lub lag luam, kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej technology thiab technical. Nws yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev hloov cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis uas siv tsis tau, nce kev sib koomMechanized (automated) cov txheej txheem, tshem tawm ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub subsystems ntawm lub tuam txhab (uas pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho cov ntsuas macroeconomic ntawm lub tuam txhab).
• Cov khoom siv rov ua dua lossis rov ua cov cuab yeej siv txhais tau tias ntawm kev tsim khoom - hloov cov khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej siv tsis tau nrog cov khoom siab dua nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo dua.
• Modernization - tus neeg txhim kho hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (khoom siv, thev naus laus zis, koom haum thiab kev tswj hwm) kom phim cov khoom tsim khoom thiab tsim khoom (cov ntsiab lus, tshuab) hloov pauv kev lag luam, qauv lossis cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.

Ntxiv rau cov ntsuas no, cov tshuab tsim khoom raug ntsuas los ntawm lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. Lawv xav txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm cov khoom pov tseg, kev ua qias tuaj ntawm ib puag ncig ntuj, feem pua ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo ib puag ncig.

Kev npaj tsim kev tsim khoom

Kev tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov qauv kev tshaj lij yog kev ua haujlwm hnyav, loj thiab xav tau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv thiab nyiaj txiag, sib txuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tshiab nrog kev soj ntsuam tom qab. Lawv tau ua raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm OGK (chaw haujlwm ntawm tus tsim qauv) lossis lub chaw tsim khoom tsim (KB) ntawm lub tuam txhab kev lag luam.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho tsis tu ncua, ntau yam tsis sib xws ntawm cov tshuab tsim khoom tau txhim kho - kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm tau nce, tus nqi raug kho kom zoo, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tau hloov pauv thiabCov xwm txheej rau kev ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub koom haum tsim kev npaj tsim khoom yog muab rau cov tuam txhab tsim qauv. Ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm kev khaws cov duab kos, cov phiaj xwm thiab cov duab kos tau tsim. Mechanisms raug tsim los muab lawv rau cov chaw tsim khoom raws sijhawm. Kev tsim qauv nruj thiab kev qhuab ntuas thev naus laus zis tau khaws cia.

Teeb meem ntawm kev tsim kev npaj tsim khoom

Cov lus nug yooj yim uas daws tau thaum tsim cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab nyuaj yog:

• kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm rau cov qauv tsim uas tau cuam tshuam hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kho;
• txhim kho ntau yam haujlwm rau cov khoom lag luam hauv nqe lus nug, nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhim kho tag nrho cov qauv tsim;
• txhim kho kev kho kom haum (nce kev sib hloov ntawm cov khoom thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom);
• txhim kho thiab kho tshiab ntawm lub hauv paus;
• kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov rooj sib txoos (sib dhos, qhov chaw) txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis tsim nyog overestimation ntawm tus lej ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, kev siv cov qauv tsim ua ntej tsim ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau theem ntawm kev poob thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm cov chaw.

Kev ua haujlwm

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim qauv kev tshawb fawb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev kawm, nws lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm thiab kev tsim khoom (kho). Feem ntau, muaj ob pebcov theem raug, qhov tshwm sim ntawm uas yuav yog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv kev tswj hwm thiab kev ua haujlwm. Lawv tau ua raws li ESKD. Lub complexity ntawm cov khoom thiab lub Scope ntawm nws ntxiv kev siv muaj ib tug ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov theem. Yog li, qee qhov ntawm lawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov theem kev npaj, tej zaum yuav raug txo, ua ke lossis tsis tuaj.

theem ntawm kev tsim ua ntej tsim tawm:

1. Kev kos cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv (cov ntawv luv TK). Kos cov npe ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv, kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm - cov lus qhia, kev txiav txim, kev piav qhia thiab cov lus pom zoo. Kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev pom zoo tom qab ntawm cov khoom ntawm txoj haujlwm rau kev tsim cov qauv. Kev tsim kho lub sij hawm ntawm kev npaj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug algorithmic qauv (Gantt charts los yog network charts). Accounting rau yav tom ntej tus nqi tsim. Kev suav ua ntej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab.
2. Kev txhim kho cov lus pom zoo (zoo ib yam li TP). Kev suav tag nrho ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Xav txog kev xaiv tsim thiab xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Kev hloov kho ntawm tag nrho cov haujlwm thiab lub sijhawm ua tiav.
3. Kev ua raws li kev tsim qauv. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm schematic daim duab ntawm cov qauv tsim tshiab lossis cov txheej txheem, ua tiav qhov kev suav lej ua ntej, txiav txim siab tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov duab kos duab dav dav, ua qhov layout thiab sim nws;
4. Technical design. Qhov feem ntau siv sijhawm thiab ntev ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Ua raws li cov lus qhia yooj yim rau cov qauv siv zog, kev ntseeg siabthiab kev ruaj ntseg. Kev sim ua qauv (yuam thiab / lossis nrawm). Modernization ntawm cov qauv raws li kev xam tsis. Lub sijhawm siv sijhawm ntau tshaj, ntev thiab kim theem.
5. Kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm - tsim cov duab kos duab sib dhos, nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom, kos duab schematic thiab kab kos duab. Tsim cov duplicates thiab luam cov ntaub ntawv. Tsim kawg.

Cov qauv tsim ua ntej tsim ua rau koj ua tiav tag nrho lub voj voog ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm.

Txoj kev tsim qauv niaj hnub

txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntau ntxiv rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntseeg tau thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, tsim kev npaj rau kev tsim khoom tau siv computer-aided design systems. Muab qhov nyuaj ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm (piv txwv li, kev txhim kho ntawm kev sib koom ua ke), kev siv cov tshuab tshwj xeeb feem ntau yog tib txoj hauv kev los tsim cov khoom xav tau nrog cov kev txwv.

Thaum automating tsim txheej txheem, ib yam khoom yog tsim los ntawm lub tshuab precision algorithms embedded nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb software pob khoom. Qhov no txo qis kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev suav thiab kev xaiv ntawm kev tsim qauv tsim nyog tshaj plaws. Qhov tseem ceeb txo lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua tiav, kev sim thiab tag nrho cov nqi ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tsim.

Design-tsim kev npaj ntawm kev tsim khoom tib lub sijhawm muaj ntau qhov zoo, uas tau qhia hauv cov hauv qab no:

• txo qis qhov nyuaj thiab lub sijhawm ntawm qhov project;
• tus nqi them nyiaj raug txo qis (vim kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm);
• nce qib zoo ntawm cov khoom tiav;
• ntsuas kev ntseeg tau yog normalizing;
• khaws cov kev daws teeb meem hauv kev lag luam databases;
• cov ntaub ntawv raug saib xyuas tas li;
• kev ua lej lej txo qis cov qauv tsim tsis zoo, thiab lwm yam.

Zaj lus

Lub kaw lus tsim kev npaj tsim khoom yog qhov tsim nyog txuas hauv cov saw hlau ntawm lub neej voj voog ntawm txhua yam khoom. Nws yog siv nrog kev sib npaug ntawm kev vam meej ob qho tib si rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Raws li qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm xyoo tas los no qhia tau hais tias, kev nthuav qhia ntau ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom kuj tseem tso cov kev xav tau tshiab rau kev txhim kho cov qauv tsim.