Khoom thiab kua foob pob ua ntxaij cav

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Missiles raws li hom riam phom muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev heev. Cov tho kev hauv qhov teeb meem no yog Suav, raws li tau hais hauv zaj nkauj ntawm Celestial Empire thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. "Liab glare ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij" - yog li nws yog hu ua nyob rau hauv nws. Lawv raug nqi phom phom, tsim, raws li koj paub, nyob rau hauv tib lub Tuam Tshoj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav "liab highlights" ci, thiab fiery xub poob rau lub taub hau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, foob pob ua ntxaij cav yuav tsum tau, txawm hais tias qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Txhua leej txhua tus paub tias cov hmoov phom tawg, thiab lub davhlau yuav tsum muaj kev sib tsoo hnyav nrog kev tso pa tawm. Yog li ntawd, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj yuav tsum tau hloov. Thaum cov pa tawg yog 75% nitrate, 15% carbon, thiab 10% sulfur, foob pob ua ntxaij cav yog 72% nitrate, 24% carbon, thiab 4% sulfur.

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv ntau qhov sib xyaw ua roj, tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem zoo ib yam, Suav thaum ub. Nws qhov zoo yog qhov tsis lees paub. Cov no yog simplicity, kev cia siab, siab ceev ntawm pib, txheeb ze cheapness thiab yooj yim ntawm kev siv. Txhawm rau kom qhov projectile pib, nws yog txaus rau ignite cov khoom combustible sib tov, muab cua txaus - thiab qhov ntawd yog nws, nws ya.

Txawm li cas los xij, muajxws li ib tug pov thawj thiab txhim khu kev qha technology muaj nws drawbacks. Ua ntej, tau pib lub combustion ntawm cov roj, nws tsis muaj peev xwm nres nws, nrog rau kev hloov cov combustion hom. Qhov thib ob, oxygen xav tau, thiab nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm rarefied los yog airless qhov chaw nws tsis yog. Thib peb, kev kub nyhiab tseem tshwm sim sai dhau.

Txoj kev daws teeb meem uas cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntau lub tebchaws tau nrhiav tau ntau xyoo thaum kawg tau pom. Dr. Robert Goddard tau sim thawj lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws ua kua hauv xyoo 1926. Nws siv roj av tov nrog kua oxygen ua roj. Txhawm rau kom lub kaw lus ua haujlwm tau ntseeg tau tsawg kawg yog ob thiab ib nrab vib nas this, Goddard yuav tsum tau daws ntau yam teeb meem ntsig txog kev siv cov tshuaj reagents, lub tshuab ua kom txias thiab cov kauj ruam.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas txhua lub foob pob hluav taws ua kua ua kua yog qhov yooj yim heev. Muaj ob lub tank nyob rau hauv rooj plaub. Los ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv, los ntawm kev sib xyaw lub taub hau, cov oxidizer yog pub rau hauv lub decomposition chamber, qhov twg, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst, cov roj los ntawm lub thib ob tank kis mus rau hauv lub gaseous xeev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv combustion tshwm sim, cov roj kub ua ntej dhau los ntawm qhov nqaim subsonic cheeb tsam ntawm lub nozzle, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov nthuav dav supersonic cheeb tsam, qhov twg roj kuj tau muab. Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, txhua yam yog ntau nyuaj, lub nozzle yuav tsum tau txias, thiab pub hom yuav tsum tau ib tug high degree ntawm stability. Cov tshuab foob pob hluav taws niaj hnub tuaj yeem siv los ntawm hydrogen, oxidizer yog oxygen. Qhov kev sib xyaw no yog qhov tawg heev, thiab kev ua txhaum me me ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua qhov systemua rau muaj xwm txheej lossis kev puas tsuaj. Cov khoom siv roj kuj tuaj yeem yog lwm yam khoom uas tsis muaj kev phom sij tsawg:

- kerosene thiab kua oxygen - cov no tau siv nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm Saturn V tso lub tsheb program hauv Apollo program;

- cawv thiab kua oxygen - tau siv nyob rau hauv German V2 foob pob hluav taws thiab Soviet cov neeg nqa khoom "Vostok";

- nitrogen tetroxide - monomethyl - hydrazine - siv hauv Cassini xyaw.

Txawm hais tias qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim, cov tshuab foob pob ua ntxaij ua kua yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa khoom ntawm qhov chaw. Lawv kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv intercontinental ballistic missiles. Lawv cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog amenable rau cov kev cai meej, cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lawv cov chav nyob thiab cov rooj sib txoos.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv foob pob hluav taws tsis tau poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw technology ua pab. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov zoo hauv kev nres tsheb thiab kev cawm dim.