Nuclear cov ntaub ntawv: accounting thiab tswj, cia nta

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Qhov twg lo lus "nuclear" tam sim no, txhua yam yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov cai, cov lus qhia, cov cai thiab cov cai. Thiab qhov ntawd yog xov xwm zoo, vim hais tias lo lus "nuclear" yuav tsum nco ntsoov nrog lo lus "kev nyab xeeb." Kev cai lij choj thiab kev txiav txim yog cov lus hais tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam nuclear.

Kev txhais, kev qhia meej thiab qhov sib txawv

Nuclear cov ntaub ntawv txawm tias muaj fissile nuclear cov ntaub ntawv lossis tuaj yeem tsim dua tshiab.

Ntawm tag nrho cov fissile tshuaj, tsuas muaj ob qho uas muaj kev siv tau. Cov no yog uranium-235 (nws yog hu ua riam phom-qib uranium) thiab nws cov hluavtaws "cov npoj yaig hauv caj npab" plutonium-239 (nws kuj yog riam phom-qib). Uranium-235 yog mined nyob rau hauv uranium mines, nws yog ib tug natural keeb. Plutonium-239, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tsim los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj.

Uranium yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tswj tau, vim tias nws yog cov khoom siv nuclear tseem ceeb rau lub zog nuclear ("kev sib haum xeeb atom"). Tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau hu plutonium nyob kaj siab lug, vim hais tias nws tau tsim rau ib txoj hauj lwm - siv nyob rau hauv nuclear riam phom.

Nyob rau hauv txoj cai "nuclear" thaiv, cov ntaub ntawv nuclear feem ntau tau hais ua ke nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, kom paub meej: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv ntawm nuclear. Cov no yog cov khoom uas emit tsuas yog ionizing hluav taws xob, tsis muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov atoms hauv lawv. Yog tias peb xav txog tag nrho cov no los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, ces cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv, tab sis lub zog fission tsis tawm.

The main atomic law

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hais txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear thiab xov tooj cua tau teev tseg hauv tsoomfwv Lavxias txoj cai lij choj "Rau Kev Siv Lub Zog Atomic". Nws tswj cov teeb meem hauv txhua hom kev ua haujlwm nuclear. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev khaws cia, accounting thiab tswj cov khoom siv nuclear. Nov yog qhov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb.

Txoj cai lij choj hais txog cov chaw siv thiab khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv nuclear. Muaj ntau yam khoom zoo li no, lawv tau muab faib ua pawg ua haujlwm:

• Cov chaw Nuclear yog cov chaw uas suav nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear. Cov no suav nrog cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear thiab cov nkoj ntab, chaw foob pob hluav taws thiab ntau yam ntawm lwm qhov chaw nrog cov reactors rau kev tshawb fawb, kev sim, kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam.
• Radiation sources yog cov khoom muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nrog cov hluav taws xob ionizing.
• Nuclear material storage chaw - chaw cia rau nuclear thiab radioactive tshuaj, nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg.
• Ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov rooj sib tham nrog siv cov roj nuclear irradiated hauv nuclearreactor thiab rho tawm los ntawm nws.

khaws cia cov khib nyiab radioactive

Leej twg xav tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear thiab cov xov tooj cua uas tsis tsim nyog siv lawm? Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm cov ecology niaj hnub nrog kev sib koom siab ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev xav txog nom tswv. Lub siab zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam nuclear tab tom ua haujlwm rau nws.

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsim tawm ntawm txhua qhov chaw thiab ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam nuclear. Lawv muaj plutonium, cesium, californium thiab lwm yam khoom uas yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv rau ntau pua xyoo. Qhov "khoom plig" no rau cov tiam tom ntej yuav luag rau yav tom ntej los tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg kom tsis txhob poob rau hauv ib puag ncig sab nraud lossis rau hauv tes ntawm cov neeg phem. Nws ntseeg tau tias txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los khaws cov khib nyiab yog cov mines hauv av. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov txaus siab kim heev nrog kev pheej hmoo uas tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees thiab yav tom ntej tsis paub tseeb.

Public policy

Lub xeev txoj cai hauv kev lag luam nuclear nyob hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab kev ua qauv ntawm txhua yam ntsig txog cov khoom siv nuclear. Cov no yog cov qauv rau lawv daim ntawv txais, sau npe, siv, kev tiv thaiv lub cev, cia, tsheb thauj mus los, thiab lwm yam.

Ib txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm kev tswj txhua yam haujlwm yog kev tso cai hauv xeev. Qhov no tag nrho siv rau kev lag luam nuclear. Daim ntawv tso cai raug muab tso rau hauv cov haujlwm hauv qab no:

• Kev tsim kho, kev ua haujlwm thiab ua tiav cov chaw siv thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv nuclear.
• Productionuranium ore nrog kev tshawb nrhiav ua ntej.
• Kev tshawb fawb, tshawb fawb thiab tsim ua haujlwm siv cov tshuaj nuclear thiab cov xov tooj cua.
• Tsim cov chaw nuclear, suav nrog cov chaw khaws cia.
• Kev tsim khoom siv rau kev lag luam nuclear thiab kev tsim tawm nuclear.

Tam sim no hais txog kev ua tswv cuab ntawm nuclear reactors thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm no cov kev teeb tsa yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Ib daim ntawv teev npe tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv nuclear, uas yuav tsum tsuas yog tsoomfwv cov khoom ntiag tug, tau pom zoo los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias. Muaj lwm daim ntawv teev npe nrog Thawj Tswj Hwm kos npe rau hauv qab - cov npe ntawm cov koom haum raug cai uas yuav muaj cai "nuclear" cov cuab yeej.

Kev tswj hwm thiab tswj

Tsuas yog tseemfwv qibsiab lossis chaw haujlwm hauv lub xeev tswj thiab suav cov ntaub ntawv nuclear, tsis muaj kev xaiv, txhua yam nyuaj ntawm no. Qhov kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb no suav nrog kev lav phib xaub tas mus li thiab nruj rau cov tub ceev xwm tau txib kom tswj hwm lub zog nuclear thiab kev ruaj ntseg hauv tebchaws.

Cov ntawv ceeb toom tau khaws cia ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv nuclear hauv Tshuag, lawv qhov chaw nyob, txav mus los, xa tawm thiab xa tawm. Txoj hauv kev no yog qhov tsim nyog: peb tab tom tham txog kev tiv thaiv kev poob, tub sab nyiag thiab kev siv tsis raug cai ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Kev thauj mus los

Muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev txav thiab thauj cov ntaub ntawv nuclear. Lawv ua raws li cov kev cai rau kev thauj cov khoom txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb. Txhua tus neeg nqa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsuas yog nrog daim ntawv tso cai tshwj xeeb. Nws yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab thauj mus los koom nrog hauv kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kom ceev faj tshwj xeeb kom txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev thauj mus los thiab tshem tawm lawv qhov tshwm sim. Kev tiv thaiv cov pej xeem thiab ib puag ncig yog ib lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog kev thauj mus los hauv kev lag luam nuclear.

tiv thaiv lub cev

Kev tiv thaiv lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv nuclear yog lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Cov no yog lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg, khaws cia ntawm ib puag ncig ecological thiab kev tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ua raws li cov cai thiab cov kev cai, ib qho system tau tsim los rau kev npaj thiab siv kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv cov kev pheej hmoo hauv qab no:

• tsis raug cai nkag mus rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm txwv tsis pub muaj cov chaw nuclear, tub sab lossis kev puas tsuaj;
• sim ua kom puas lossis ua phem;
• ib puag ncig sabotage lossis ua phem ua phem;

Kev tiv thaiv lub cev ntawm hom no yog ua los ntawm cov koom haum muaj cai loj. Ntawm cov nkoj thiab lwm qhov chaw ntab, cov neeg coob muab kev tiv thaiv lub cev.

Cov xwm txheej nyuaj thiab kim heev no muaj kev sib cav hnyav, uas yog hu ua kev ua phem thoob ntiaj teb. Yuav kom ua tau ib lub foob pob atomic, koj yuav xav tau yam tsawg 25 kg ntawm enriched uranium. Qhov no tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim rau pawg neeg ua phem hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv nuclear tau muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg ua phem ntau dua vim tias muaj peev xwm tsim lub foob pob tawg - ib qho kev tawg nrog lub foob pob tawg. Xws li lub foob pobyog ntsuas raws li ib tug radiological riam phom nrog ib tug puas yam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov chaw nuclear tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm kev nom kev tswv loj.

Ntshuam thiab xa tawm

Daim ntawv tso cai rau kev ntshuam thiab xa tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog muab nruj me ntsis los ntawm tsoomfwv cov haujlwm hauv kev pom zoo nrog Lub Chaw Haujlwm Atomic Energy. Yog tias cov xov tooj cua isotopes raug thauj mus rau kev siv kho mob, cov kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv tau koom nrog hauv kev tso cai ua haujlwm.

Qhov xwm txheej "nuclear" ntawm lub tebchaws uas tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev xa tawm yog qhov tseem ceeb: yog tias lub tebchaws tsis muaj riam phom nuclear, ces kev xa tawm tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog tom qab kev pom zoo thiab kev lees paub los ntawm lub xeev cov cai ntawm qhov no. lub teb chaws uas export cov ntaub ntawv nuclear yuav tsis raug siv los ua riam phom.

IAEA

Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb tau muaj txij li xyoo 1957. Lub koom haum lub hom phiaj yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb: ua kev saib xyuas kom thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam nuclear tsis tig mus ua tub rog. IAEA kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog cov teb chaws koom, uas yog hu ua daim ntawv cog lus tiv thaiv.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas IAEA tsis ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas nom tswv thiab tsis koom nrog kev tshawb nrhiav. Lub koom haum nyiam ua haujlwm nrog qhov tseeb tiag thiab kos nws cov lus xaus tsuas yog tom qab nws qhov kev tshuaj xyuas.

Yog tias tam sim ntawd hauv qee lub tebchaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev tsim kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau kev tsim tub rog, IAEA yuav tsis tuaj yeem txwv cov txheej txheem no, uas qhov tseeb, tsis suav nrog.nws functions. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav raug xa mus rau kev sib tham ntawm UN. IAEA cov lus ceeb toom thiab cov lus xaus muaj npe nrov rau lawv qhov raug thiab ceev faj hauv lawv cov kev ntsuas.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub koomhaum muaj raws li hauv qab no:

• kev txhawb nqa rau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb kev lag luam;
• kev pabcuam hauv kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tebchaws;
• tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lees paub thiab kev tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau hauv cov tub rog;
• txhim kho cov cai thiab cov qauv hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb.

Raws li cov ntsiab lus, ob peb lo lus hais txog kev cia siab rau lub zog nuclear feem ntau. Cov kev xav no yog dav thiab kaj. Tib neeg yuav nrhiav txoj hauv kev los ua kom cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj kev nyab xeeb nyob rau yav tom ntej, thiab cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob nuclear yuav txuas ntxiv mus sai thiab ua tau zoo.