Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yug yaj ntawm yaj: yees duab thiab piav qhia, yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Tshaj li 8,000-xyoo keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm yaj yug me nyuam, ntau ntau yam sib txawv tau bred. Lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov kev thov uas cuam tshuam nrog cov tsiaj no: mis nyuj, cheese, ntaub plaub thiab nqaij. Niaj hnub no peb yuav xav txog qhov tsim tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov yaj uas tau siv dav hauv Russia.

yam ntxwv

Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, xws li ib ceg ntawm cov tsiaj txhu xws li yug yaj yog tsom rau cov nqaij thiab cov khoom siv ntaub plaub. Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov nqaij kev taw qhia. Cov tsiaj no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no:

• Northern Caucasus.
• Ural.
• Urals.
• qis Volga.
• cheeb tsam East thiab West Siberian.

txiaj ntsig

Qhov zoo ntawm cov tsiaj hauv qhov kev taw qhia no feem ntau suav nrog cov rog thiab nqaij. Cov yaj tuaj yeem cog tau thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo. Lawv yoog tau zoo rau cov xwm txheej sib txawv: lub caij ntuj no txias thiab lub caij ntuj sov kub. Unpretentious pub. Txawm yog tsiaj txhunoj zaub mov tsis zoo, lawv lub cev muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov rog cia.

Signs

Txhua tus tsiaj ntawm cov nqaij yug yaj muaj cov yam ntxwv:

• loj loj;
• siab feem pua ntawm nqaij tawm los;
• cev nqaij daim tawv;
• cov leeg nqaij;
• precocity thiab fertility (Romanov yaj muaj siab tshaj);
• kev ua siab ntev;
• tiv thaiv kab mob thiab helminths;
• kev nyuaj siab;
• kev loj hlob sai;
• kev pub mis zoo heev;
• muaj zog noj qab nyob zoo.

Tam sim no mus rau qhov taw tes. Hom yaj twg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws? Wb tham txog qhov twg thiab thaum twg lawv tau yug los thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv txawv.

Romanovskaya

Ib qho nrov tshaj plaws thiab nrhiav tom qab yog Romanov yaj. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th nyob rau hauv lub xeev Yaroslavl. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm Romanovskaya yog ntau cev xeeb tub. Lub tsev menyuam muaj peev xwm dais thiab yug me nyuam yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv tsib tus menyuam yaj.

Kev piav qhia

thawj tus yam ntxwv ntawm Romanov yug hauv xyoo 1908. Tam sim no, tus neeg yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov hauv qab no:

• lub cev muaj zog;
• nruab nrab qhov siab;
• pob txha muaj zog;
• muaj zog, ncaj ceg;
• wide withers;
• tob thiab dav hauv siab;
• saggy rump;
• rov qab;
• cov leeg nqaij.

Yaj thiab yajntawm no tej zaum yuav horned, tab sis raws li tus qauv, cov tsiaj yug me nyuam yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj horns.

Cov menyuam yaj Purebred yog xim dub, tsuas yog ntawm lub taub hau thiab ob txhais ceg, ze rau ntawm qhov hooves, tso cai rau cov cim dawb. Tom qab ob peb lub lis piam, lub teeb fluff pib tshwm nyob rau hauv rams thiab ewes, thiab los ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm 5 lub hlis. lambs tau cov xim yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg laus ntawm no yug, thiab yog npaj txhij rau thawj txiav plaub hau. Nws ntseeg hais tias nws yog nyob rau lub hnub nyoog no uas zoo tshaj plaws sheepskin tsim.

Productivity yam ntxwv

Romanov yaj raug txiav peb zaug hauv ib xyoos: nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg. Kwv yees li peb kilograms ntawm ntaub plaub yog tau los ntawm ib tug ram rau ib shearing, thiab tsawg tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab kilograms ntawm ib tug yaj.

Ntxiv rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb pluav uas tau los ntawm cov yaj no, nws tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los cog rau cov nqaij. Qhov hnyav ntawm kev sib deev ram yog 70, thiab qee zaum ncav cuag 100 kilograms. Ib tug poj niam ewe hnyav txog tsib caug kilograms, menyuam yaj thaum muaj hnub nyoog 3 hli hnyav txog 17, thiab thaum cuaj hlis - txog 40 kilograms.

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Romanov yaj yog tias lawv npaj txhij rau kev yug me nyuam tsis yog nyob rau qee lub sijhawm, tab sis thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo. Tag nrho cov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tau txais los ntawm ib lub tsev menyuam ob peb cov xeeb ntxwv hauv ib xyoos, uas tso cai rau koj npaj cov menyuam yaj rau lub sijhawm zoo dua. Raws li kev kwv yees, ib tus poj huab tais tuaj yeem tsim tau 100 kg ntawm yaj thiab 2-3 chav kawm siab hauv ib xyoos (thaum cov menyuam yaj raug tua thaum muaj hnub nyoog yim hli). Tag nrho cov kev zoo no ua rau nws ua tausiv tus yug rau txoj kev cog qoob loo.

pros and cons

Zoo li feem ntau cov tsiaj, cov yaj no (saib cov duab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev saum toj no) muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Ntawm qhov zoo, cov khoom hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:

• polyestricity (muaj peev xwm inseminate txhua xyoo puag ncig);
• ntau cev xeeb tub;
• siab lactation (200 l mis nyuj);
• precocity.

Tam sim no, thawj cov khoom lag luam hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntaub plaub lossis tawv yaj tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm cov menyuam yaj uas muaj hnub nyoog tsib mus rau rau lub hlis, thiab thaum 7-9 lub hlis lawv tau txais thawj cov nqaij.

Ntawm qhov tsis txaus, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg ib qho kev nyiam rau cov kab mob ntsws, kev ntshai. Romanovs yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rhiab heev rau tam sim ntawd hloov nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, drafts thiab av noo.

Gorkovskaya

Cov tsiaj yug hauv lub sijhawm Soviet, hauv peb caug xyoo XX. Thaum yug me nyuam yug, pab pawg neeg Hampshires thiab haiv neeg yaj tau hla. Breeders tswj kom coj tawm Gorky nqaij yug nrog luv luv coarse plaub hau, uas muaj siab productivity. Yaj muaj lub teeb pob txha, kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Cov yaj Gorky yog unpretentious, hardy, nrog kev tiv thaiv siab, thiab yog li ntawd tau dhau los ua dav. Cov neeg laus rams nce 110 kg ntawm qhov hnyav, thiab lub tsev menyuam - txog 80 kg.

Prekos

Nws tau tsim nyob rau Fabkis nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws cov progenitors tau nplua-fleeed hauv zos yaj thiab cov tsiaj ntawm Askiv Leicester nqaij yug. Tom qab ntawd, qhov tshwm simcrossbreeding, thaum ntxov maturing yaj raug coj mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab muaj, nyob rau hauv lawv lub hauv paus, ib tug tshiab yug ntawm yaj - merino-fleisch. Yog li, ntau hom prekos tau tsim, uas, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm sab nrauv thiab fineness ntawm ntaub plaub, yog ze tshaj rau merino.

Yaj muaj lub cev sib npaug, muaj kev cai lij choj. Vim lub fact tias cov yaj muaj ib tug dav dav rov qab, loin thiab ncej puab, lawv muaj ib tug chim-puab daim duab. Lub taub hau mus rau txoj kab ntawm ob lub qhov muag yog npog nrog cov plaub hau tuab. Feem ntau, cov tsiaj tsis muaj horn, tab sis lawv lub xub ntiag tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag. Cov neeg laus fattened rams hnyav 110-130 kg, yaj 58-67 kg. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntaub plaub huv tiav txawv ntawm 40 txog 48%. Qhov hnyav ntawm menyuam yaj thaum yug los feem ntau yog li ntawm 3.8 txog 4 kg, thiab tom qab 120 hnub nws nce mus txog 34 kg. Nrog rau kev noj zaub mov kom zoo los ntawm ib tus ewe, koj tuaj yeem nce txog 55 kg ntawm yaj ib xyoos.

West Siberian

Nws tau los ntawm kev hla lub zos coarse-haired rams ntawm nqaij hom thiab yaj ntawm Kulunda yug. Ib tug tshwj xeeb feature yog lub siab polyestricity ntawm yaj, uas tso cai rau koj mus tau lambs nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo uas yog tsis tsim nyog rau lwm yam breeds. Cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm West Siberian yaj tuaj yeem muag rau cov nqaij twb muaj hnub nyoog 7 hli. Qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam yaj thiab yaj yog 102 thiab 63 kg, raws li.

Edilbaevskaya

Cov yaj-wooled Edilbaev yug ntawm cov nqaij thiab lard kev taw qhia. Nws tshwm sim ua tsaug rau pej xeem xaiv nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Bred nyob rau hauv Western Kazakhstan raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm hla Astrakhan coarse-haired rams thiab Kazakhyaj rog. Ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg yug tsiaj, peb tau txais cov tsiaj muaj zog, tawv tawv yoog raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm kev yug yaj yaj.

Kev piav qhia

Edilbaevskaya yaj muaj kev cai lij choj muaj zog, muaj lub cev zoo, nws muaj tus Tsov tus tw rog zoo. Los ntawm txoj kev, tus tsiaj laus dua, nws muaj roj ntau dua. Ntau cov duab sib npaug qhia tias tus tsiaj muaj rog zoo. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no yug yog polled. Cov yaj ntawm Edilbaev yug nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov drought thiab lub caij ntuj no txias sib npaug zoo. Yooj yim ua rau kev hloov pauv mus ntev thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom rog rau ntawm qhov chaw meager. Cov yam ntxwv no yog keeb kwm conditioned: nomadic yug yaj yog xyaum nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan.

Qhov hnyav ntawm ib tus neeg laus ram yog 110-120 kg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ncav cuag qhov hnyav ntawm 150-160 kg, yaj qhov nruab nrab hnyav 65-70 kg thiab 90-100, raws li. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm no yug yog precocity thiab loj hlob zog. Thaum yug me nyuam, qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam yaj yog kwv yees li 6 kg, ewes hnyav txog li 5.3 kg, thaum muaj hnub nyoog ib xyoos thiab ib nrab xyoo - 80 thiab 65 kg, feem. Lub cev hnyav ntawm tus neeg laus fattened wader yog 40-45 kg, thiab rog rog rog yog 14 kg. Qhov nruab nrab, cov qoob loo ntawm cov ntaub plaub los ntawm ib tug ram yog mus txog 3.5 kg, qhov loj tshaj plaws yog 5 kg; 2.3-2.6 kg ntawm ntaub plaub feem ntau yog txiav los ntawm yaj. Fertility ntawm poj huab tais ntawm no yug yog tsawg, lawv coj tsis ntau tshaj ib tug yaj ntawm ib tug yaj, uas tshwm sim tsis pub ntau tshaj ob zaug nyob rau hauv lub xyoo. Mis tau txais qhov nruab nrab 150-155 litres ib lub sij hawm lactation. Cov kev nyeem ntawv no tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 124.8 txog 184.3 litres.

Tien Shan thiab North Caucasian yug

Cov yaj cov tsiaj no muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws. Tsiaj txhu muaj lub nraub qaum dav, withers, sacrum thiab loin, lub caj dab luv luv thiab fleshy, puag ncig ncej puab thiab lub duav. Wool ntawm nruab nrab ntom, nrog pronounced crimp, uniform. Lub peculiarity ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov yug yaj yog zoo heev nqaij productivity (saum toj nruab nrab), siab wool yield thiab siab viability. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov neeg laus ntawm Tien Shan yug yog txog 110 kg rau ib tug ram thiab txog 65 rau poj huab tais, yaj ntawm 4 lub hlis hnyav 33 kg ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Txog li 9 kg ntawm cov ntaub plaub raug txiav los ntawm ib tug ram, mus txog 4.2 kg ntawm lub tsev menyuam. Thaum yug me nyuam North Caucasian nqaij thiab wool yug, cov hauv qab no tau koom nrog: Ronnie March, Lincoln thiab Stavropol yug ewes. Qhov hnyav ntawm poj huab tais yog 55-60 kg, thiab cov ntaub plaub ntawm ib tug yaj nce mus txog 6.4 kg.

Tswartbles

Nov yog ib hom yaj ntawm Dutch. Cov nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj yog kev sib tw, lean, nrog qab zib flavors thiab ib tug qab ntxiag aroma. Lub tsho tiv no zoo, tuab thiab tuab. Tsaug rau qhov no thiab tshwj xeeb endurance, zwartbles yog nrov thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Kev yug me nyuam ewes ntawm no yug yog txawv los ntawm siab fecundity. Qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav ntawm menyuam yaj thaum yug los yog los ntawm ob thiab ib nrab mus rau tsib thiab ib nrab kg, thiab los ntawm 120 hnub ntawm hnub nyoog, daim duab no nce mus txog 45 kg. Ib tug neeg laus ram muaj qhov hnyav ntawm 130 kg, lub tsev menyuam sib dua me ntsis - nws qhov hnyav tsis tshaj 100 kilograms.

Vendée

Cov yaj no yog suav tias yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Nws yog bred los ntawm Fabkis breeders. Ib tug feature ntawm Vendean yug yog lean, lean nqaij nrog nyias, tusyees faib streaks ntawm rog thiab ib tug qab, qab aroma. Heev hardy thiab unpretentious tsiaj yog cov tswv ntawm tuab ntaub plaub thiab vim qhov no lawv hloov tau zoo nyob rau hauv nyuaj climatic tej yam kev mob, lawv nce hnyav zoo nyob rau hauv pasture tej yam kev mob. Fertility tus nqi yog heev. Ib tug menyuam yaj yug tshiab hnyav txog 6 kg, tom qab 4 lub hlis nws qhov hnyav yog 60 kg, thiab ib hnub nce mus txog 450 g. Tus neeg laus lub tsev menyuam qhov hnyav nce mus txog 110 kg, rams ntawm cov tsiaj no loj dua - txog 150 kg.

Hissar

Yaj ntawm no yog ib tug loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov nruab nrab qhov siab ntawm tus ram yog 130-140 kg, thiab qee tus neeg ncav cuag 190 kg. Lub tsev menyuam me me me, tab sis lawv kuj muaj qhov hnyav hnyav - 70-80 kg, thiab suav nrog cov leeg nqaij thiab rog - 100-120 kilograms. Los ntawm txoj kev, yaj thiab yaj thaum yug los hnyav txog 7 kg thiab txawv los ntawm precocity. Thaum muab menyuam yaj los ntawm lawv niam, lawv qhov hnyav nruab nrab yog 45 kg, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov qhia tau zoo. Los ntawm ib tug neeg laus yaj, koj tuaj yeem tau txais 15-20 kg ntawm rog rog rog, thiab qee zaum ntau dua - txog li 35-40 kg. Hissar yug yaj yog coarse-wooled, wool yog ntxhib, nrog ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tuab awn thiab tuag, qhuav plaub hau nyob rau hauv nws. Cov qoob loo ntawm cov ntaub plaub nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj no tsis siab dhau: nyob rau hauv rams, daim duab no yog1, 3-1, 6 kg, hauv huab tais - 1-1, 4 kg. Kev txiav plaub hau yog ua ob zaug hauv ib xyoos - thaum caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab caij nplooj zeeg.

Texel

Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov yaj uas nrov tshaj plaws los ntawm Dutch breeders. Texel yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws yug me nyuam, nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no yug yog marbling, qab saj thiab lub fact tias nws tsis muaj ib tug unpleasant tsw thiab pronounced saj ntawm roj. Lambs thiab ewes yug loj heev, lawv qhov hnyav yug yog 7 kg, ntawm 6 lub hlis, daim duab no yog 60 kg, thiab ntawm 9 nws mus txog 102 kg. Ib tug neeg laus texel ram hnyav 130 kg, yaj me ntsis - txog 125 kg. Feem ntau, cov ntsuas no nyob ntawm seb cov xwm txheej ntawm fattening. Yaj ntawm Texel yug yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg rau cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kaw, kev ua siab ntev, thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev. Rau cov tsiaj qus, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv qhov qhib pasture.

Dorper

Teb chaws Africa tau suav tias yog qhov chaw yug ntawm cov yaj no. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, cov neeg yug tsiaj hauv zos tau muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Dorset Horn rams thiab rog-tailed yaj los tsim cov Dorpers muaj zog thiab tawv. Cov yug me nyuam belongs rau nqaij, yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Dorpers hu ua hairless, lawv tsis sheared nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, vim hais tias lawv poob lawv cov plaub hau thaum lub sij hawm molting txheej txheem. Cov neeg ntshiab muaj xim dawb, lub taub hau dub thiab caj dab. Tsiaj txhu yog cov thermophilic heev, yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws lawv tsim nyog rau yug me nyuam nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab yav qab teb strip.

yam ntxwv

Cia peb nyob ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntxivyaj yug tsiaj (duab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev hauv qab no). Purebred dorpers feem ntau hnyav txog li 140 kg (yaj), yaj - 95 kg.

Cov tsiaj me thaum muaj hnub nyoog ib xyoos muaj cov hauv qab no: rams - 107 kg, ewes - 65 kg. Qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam yaj uas nyuam qhuav yug los yog 5 kg, thaum muaj hnub nyoog ib hlis - twb 25 kg, thiab nyob rau lub hlis - 40-70 kg. Dorpers yog cov thawj coj ntawm lwm yam tsiaj ntawm yaj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov hnyav nce txhua hnub nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo thiab khoom noj khoom haus zoo. Tsiaj txhu muaj nqaij mos heev, cov ntaub so ntswg rog yog sib npaug ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Vim lub fact tias cov yug me nyuam yog hairless, muaj suab tsis muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw nyob rau hauv yaj. Cov qoob loo ntawm cov nqaij thaum tua tsiaj nruab nrab yog 59%, uas yog qhov qhia tau zoo heev. Cov tawv nqaij du thiab txawm ntawm yaj yog dav siv los tsim ntau yam khoom tawv.

Tag nrho fecundity yog 150-225 yaj ib 100 ewes, nruab nrab cov xeeb ntxwv yog los ntawm 1 mus rau 4 yaj. Yaj ua kev sib daj sib deev los ntawm 6 lub hlis, ewes raug tso cai ua niam txiv txij li 10 lub hlis. Vim txoj kev xav ntawm niam txiv zoo nyob hauv cov yaj ntawm cov tsiaj no, kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus yog qhov tsawg heev. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pob txha ua rau cov menyuam yaj yug tau sai, yog li lambing mus zoo. Yaj ntawm Dorper yug tuaj yeem ua kittens ob zaug hauv ib xyoos, nrog kev so ntawm 8 lub hlis. Tab sis cov kws kho tsiaj tsis pom zoo ua qhov no, vim tias kev yug me nyuam ntau dhau ntawm cov yaj lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim uas cov tsiaj raug tso cai rau mates txhua xyoo puag ncig, nws yog pom zoo kom khaws ib tug rau 15-20 yaj.ram producer. Nws yog qhov tsis tsim nyog los muab lub nra hnyav rau nws, vim qhov no yuav cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv yav tom ntej.