Npua hlau: specifications

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Txhawm rau txuas ntxiv mus rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm npua hlau, nws yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm cov khoom no thiab nws cov khoom zoo. Yog li, cam khwb cia hlau hu ua alloy, uas muaj cov khoom xws li hlau, carbon thiab ob peb lwm yam impurities.

piav qhia dav dav ntawm cam khwb cia hlau

Nyob ntawm cov impurities siv los yaj cam khwb cia hlau, nws cov khoom kuj hloov. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov nta uas yuav tsum tau txais kev txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog qhov loj feem ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov ntsuas no yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 2.14%. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg dua, ces nws tsis yog cam khwb cia hlau, tab sis steel. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab ntawm no tias, xws li, cov hlau cam khwb cia zoo tib yam tsis tsim. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tau txais cov khoom no, ob hom additives yeej ib txwm ntxiv nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub lag luam, raws li qhov kev sib cais mus rau hauv foundry los yog npua hlau yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw no kuj yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tau rau nws melting yog 250-300 degrees siab dua rau cov hlau. Yuav kom yaj cov khoom no, qhov kub ntawm 1200 ° C yuav tsum tau.

Yuav txais li cascam khwb cia hlau?

Ntawm no nws tsim nyog sau cia tias kev tsim cov npua hlau los yog zoo tib yam - cov no yog cov txheej txheem yuav luag zoo tib yam, thiab yog li nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los piav qhia ob qho tib si. Xav txog tsuas yog cov thev naus laus zis ntawm melting.

Yog li, kom tau txais cov khoom no, koj yuav tsum siv nyiaj ntau. Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ua haujlwm yog coke thiab dej. Yuav kom muaj peev xwm smelt ib tuj ntawm npua hlau, koj yuav tsum noj li 550 kg ntawm coke los yog li ntawm 900 liters dej. Nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raws nraim qhov nyiaj ntawm cov ore uas yuav siv rau kev ua haujlwm rau txhua pawg, vim tias nws qhov kev siv yog nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm cov hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los siv cov ore kiag li, yog tias koj saib los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev lag luam. Vim li no, cov khoom siv raw yog siv los ntawm 70% hlau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntau dua. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ua ntej smelting, ore yog enriched, thiab tsuas yog tom qab nws nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov cub tawg, nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob smelt tsuas yog 2% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv.

First stage

Cov txheej txheem smelting tag nrho tau muab faib ua ntau theem sib txuas.

Cov txheej txheem pib nrog qhov tseeb tias cov ore raug thauj mus rau hauv lub qhov cub ntawm qhov cub, uas muaj cov hlau nplaum hlau nplaum. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho ore uas muaj hydrous hlau oxide los yog ntsev tuaj yeem siv tau. Ua ke nrog kev thauj khoom ntawm cov ntxhia ua haujlwm, coking coals kuj tau thauj mus rau hauv qhov cub. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tswj kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias. Yuav kom yaj cov ore sai dua thiabtau txais kev nkag mus rau hlau, flux raug xa mus rau qhov cub. Cov khoom uas yog ib qho catalyst pab kom cov ore lwj sai dua.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov ntawm no tias ua ntej thauj khoom mus rau hauv lub cub tawg, cov ore feem ntau yog los ntawm kev sib tsoo, ntxuav, ziab. Tag nrho cov kauj ruam no pab txhawb kom tshem tawm cov impurities ntau dhau, nrog rau kev nce hauv qhov nrawm ntawm melting.

theem ob

theem thib ob ntawm npua hlau smelting yog pib thaum tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog tau thauj mus rau hauv qhov cub tawg. Cov burners yog pib, uas ua kom sov lub coke, uas heats lub ore. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias thaum cua sov, lub coke pib emit carbon rau hauv cov huab cua, uas dhau los ntawm nws, reacts nrog oxygen thiab tsim ib oxide. Cov tshuaj volatile no siv ib feem tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem rov qab los. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no tsuas yog mus ntev npaum li huab cua tseem nyob hauv qhov cub. Cov roj ntau dua hauv qhov cub tawg, qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov no, thiab dhau sijhawm nws nres tag nrho. Thaum lub sijhawm no los txog, tag nrho cov roj uas muaj nyob hauv lub cub tawg tawm kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias hauv chav tsev.

Txhua cov pa roj carbon ntau sib xyaw nrog cov khoom molten, yog absorbed los ntawm hlau, uas ua hlau cam khwb cia. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tau yaj thaum lub sij hawm melting txheej txheem ntab mus rau saum npoo, los ntawm qhov uas lawv raug tshem tawm. Tom qab cov txheej txheem purification no tiav, muaj ib lub sij hawm thaum muaj ntau yam additives ntxiv rau cov khoom siv molten. Yam cam khwb cia hlau yuav tig tawm li cas nyob ntawmhom tshuaj ntxiv yuav siv li cas.

Pab npua twg?

Yog tias peb xav txog cov khoom hloov pauv kom nthuav dav ntxiv, peb tuaj yeem pom ntau yam zoo. Ua ntej, cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese thiab silicon nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qis dua, thiab qhov thib ob, nws yog siv los tsim cov hlau uas siv cov pa oxygen converter. Yog tias peb tham txog cam khwb cia hlau, ces nws yog siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom. Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov ntawm no tias tag nrho cov khoom uas muaj nyob hauv pab pawg no tau muab faib ua ntau hom.

Ntxiv mus, koj yuav tsum paub tias, nyob ntawm nws qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, npua hlau tau muab faib ua cov chav kawm:

• P1 thiab P2 yog cov cim ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua qub;
• PF1, PF2 thiab PF3 yog phosphorous raw khoom;
• PVK1, PVK2 thiab PVK3 yog ib pawg ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia zoo;
• Npua hlau PL 1 thiab PL2 yog ib pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog kev tsim khoom.

Piv txwv li, peb tuaj yeem xav txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom no hauv cov khoom siv raw nrog qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Si yog los ntawm 0.2 mus rau 0.9%, Mn yog los ntawm 0.5 mus rau 1.5%, P tsis ntau tshaj 0.3%, S tsis ntau tshaj 0.06%.

Zoo ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg

Yog tias peb xav txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg xav tau los ntawm cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov tseem ceeb. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm npua hlau yog yuav tsum tau yaj rau hauv cov hlau, thiab yog li qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau nws qhov zoo thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem steelmaking.

Ib qho tsis muaj zog ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis no yoghais tias nws tsis muaj peev xwm tiv nrog xws li impurity li sulfur. Thiab txij li qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia thiab cov hlau yog cov ntsiab lus carbon, nws tau pom tseeb tias txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua yog tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Yuav kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog uas cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tso cai rau cov txheej txheem oxidation tshwm sim. Nws yog los ntawm oxidation ntawm carbon uas nws tau tshem tawm ntawm npua hlau.

Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm no nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias thaum carbon yog oxidized, lwm yam impurities tseem yuav cuam tshuam - silicon, manganese, thiab tsawg dua - hlau. Cov tshuaj tau txais thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem no yog hu ua oxides, tom qab ntawd lawv raug xa mus rau slag tawm. Cov khoom kawg ntawm xws li kev lag luam yog ferruginous slag - cov no yog cov khib nyiab nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau siab, uas ua rau nyuaj rau kev tshem tawm cov sulfur los ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg. Vim li no, feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus S yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov npua hlau.

Recycling nyob rau hauv lwm yam khoom siv

Nyob ntawm txoj kev uas cov hlau cam tau ua tiav rau hauv cov hlau, cov lus qhia txawv rau cov khoom sib xyaw yuav raug nthuav tawm.

Siv lub tshuab hloov pa oxygen, koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov impurities xws li phosphorus. Qhov siab dua qhov loj ntawm cov khoom no, qhov siab dua qhov txias brittleness ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv (cracking ntawm qis kub).

Yog tias peb coj, piv txwv li, qhib lub qhov cub, lawv tuaj yeem yaj cam khwb cia hlau rau yuav luag txhua hom hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm phosphorus thiab silicon. Yuav ua li casqhov siab dua qhov loj feem ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, qhov kim dua cov txheej txheem rework yuav yog. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav cov hauj lwm zoo heev. Vim li no, lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj qhov nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb raws li cov ntaub ntawv kev. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese hauv npua hlau tsis txwv. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws ua rau cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog kev tshem tawm cov sulfur.

Npua hlau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov ntsiab lus silicon hauv nws siab dua - txog li 1.2%.

xeev tus qauv

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau lwm yam khoom siv, cam khwb cia hlau yuav tsum tau tsim raws li cov kev cai nruj, tau piav qhia hauv lub xeev tus qauv. Rau npua hlau, GOST 805-95 tsim txhua yam kev mob raws li nws yuav tsum tau tsim. Cov ntsiab lus ntau ntawm txhua yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv txhua pawg yog tswj hwm.

GOST technical requirements

Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, thiab muaj cov uas tau teeb tsa los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom raws li kev pom zoo nrog cov chaw tsim khoom.

Thawj qeb suav nrog cov cai hauv qab no:

1. Npua hlau qib ntsig txog PL1 thiab PL2 yuav tsum raug xa mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm nrog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov feem ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau hauv cov khoom sib xyaw.
2. Yog npua hlau yog smelted los ntawm tooj liab-cov kabmob ores, ces qhov loj ntawm cov khoom no yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.3%.
3. Kev tsim cov khoom siv no yog ua tiav hauvingots, tsis muaj pinches, nrog ib tug pinch los yog ob pinches siab tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm pinching, lub thickness ntawm lub ingot (ingot) yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 50 mm.
4. Qhov hnyav ntawm tus npua yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj qhov muaj nqis xws li: 18, 30, 45, 55 kilograms.
5. Yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov slag residues nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov units.

Cov neeg siv khoom xav tau

GOST 805 rau npua hlau kuj tseem tswj hwm ntau yam kev cai uas tus neeg siv khoom muaj cai los teeb tsa thaum xaj los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov no suav nrog cov khoom hauv qab no:

1. Npua cov qib hlau ntsig txog PL1 thiab PL2 yuav tsum tau tsim nrog ib feem ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm 4 txog 4.5% suav nrog.
2. Yog tias peb xav txog tib qib PL1 thiab PL2, uas tom qab ntawd yuav raug siv rau kev tsim cov castings los ntawm cam khwb cia hlau nrog nodular graphite, ces qhov loj feem ntawm chromium nyob rau hauv cov khoom no yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 0.04%. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kev tsim cov npua hlau zoo raws li GOST, rau kev tsim cov piston rings ntxiv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese yuav tsum raug txwv rau 0.3%, thiab chromium rau 0.2%.
3. Yog tias tsis muaj kev thov tshwj xeeb, ces cov khoom siv rov ua dua qub thiab zoo yuav tsum tau ua nrog cov ntsiab lus manganese ntau dua 1.5%. Yog tias npua hlau ntawm pawg phosphorous raug tsim, ces cov ntsiab lus phosphorus yog ntau tshaj 2%.
4. Feem ntau ntawm silicon hauv qib xws li PL1, PF1 thiab PVC1 yuav tsum ntau tshaj 1.2%.
5. Ib qho tseem ceeb heev yog cov ntsiab lus sulfur, uas tso cai tsis pub ntau tshaj 0.06% hauv hom cam khwb cia hlau P1, P2 thiab PL1, PL2.

Txais thiabkev tswj kom zoo

Cov ntaub ntawv kuj tau teeb tsa cov cai rau kev txais khoom thiab kev tswj xyuas kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Cov khoom no tsuas yog lees txais hauv cov khoom siv xwb. Ib pawg yog suav tias yog cov hlau cam khwb cia rau tib hom, pawg, hom thiab hom, thiab tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas lees paub qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Feem ntau, cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no qhia tias: cov cim lag luam ntawm cov lag luam uas tsim cov khoom; lub npe ntawm lub tuam txhab ua tus neeg siv khoom; hom, pawg, chav kawm thiab qeb ntawm cam khwb cia hlau, tswj stamp thiab ob peb yam khoom ntxiv.

Yog tias peb tham txog cov txheej txheem tswj, ces ntawm no yog qhov tsim nyog los xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov flakes. Nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau siv magnifiers rau qhov no. Yuav kom ua tiav cov kev tswj xyuas zoo txog cov flakes, cov txheej txheem uas tau pom zoo ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom siv. Yog hais tias qhov loj ntawm batch yog txog li 20 tons, ces 10 cov qauv ntawm cov nplai raug coj los ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Yog tias qhov hnyav tshaj 20 tons, ces 20 cov qauv yuav tsum tau muab los ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia.

Structural quality

Nws tsim nyog ntxiv tias muaj kev faib tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cam khwb cia rau hauv xws li: dawb, grey, malleable, siab zog. Kev faib ua hom yog ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv.

Piv txwv li, qeb ntawm cov hlau cam dawb yog cov khoom siv uas tag nrho cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kuj muaj cov tsos ntawm cementite. Vim lub xub ntiag ntawm cov khoom no, cov xim ntawm cam khwb cia hlau tig dawb, li no lub npe.

Yog tias peb tham txog grey cam khwb cia hlau, ntawm no lub ntsiab qhov txawv qhov zoo yog carbon,uas yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm graphite nrog rau daim ntawv nkhaus los yog flakes. Vim muaj coob tus ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, qhov tawg ntawm cam khwb cia hlau muaj xim grey. Cov hlau-carbon alloy yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau hauv Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, Russia, Is Nrias teb, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Ukraine.