Caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley: ntau yam, hnub sowing, cultivation, economic tseem ceeb

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley yog cov zaub mov tseem ceeb, zaub mov thiab cov qoob loo cog qoob loo. Kab lus no yuav tham txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qoob loo no, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov qoob loo.

kev nqis peev

Groats (barley thiab barley) thiab hmoov nplej yog tsim los ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley. Pure barley hmoov tsis yog siv, nws, nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 20-25%, yog tov nrog rye los yog nplej hmoov. Barley kuj tseem siv los ua npua npua, thiab hauv thaj chaw uas oats tsis tau cog qoob loo, pub nees. Tsis tas li ntawd, kab lis kev cai no yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov cawv thiab npias. Cov noob barley muaj: nitrogen-free extractives - 64.6%, protein - 12%, fiber - 5.5%, dej - 13%, rog - 2.1% thiab 2.8% tshauv.

kab lis kev cai

Barley yog ib qho ntawm cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb qub tshaj plaws. Raws li excavations qhia, nws, ua ke nrog cov nplej, tau paub rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog pob zeb. Cov neeg Iyiv tau cog qoob loo rau 50 centuries BC. Hauv tebchaws Greece, Ltalis thiab Tuam Tshoj, nws tau cog qoob loo txij li lub sijhawm prehistoric. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm excavations, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Central Asia, barley tau zus nyob rau hauv irrigated ua liaj ua teb.4-5 txhiab xyoo ua ntej peb lub sijhawm. Nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Moldova thiab Ukraine, nws tau pib cog qoob loo hauv xyoo pua 3 xyoo BC. Niaj hnub no, kev cog qoob loo ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tau xyaum thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Botanical description

Lub genus Hordeum L muaj peb hom qoob loo thiab ntau hom barley qus. Cultivated barley yog cais raws li tus naj npawb ntawm fertile spikelets, uas nyob rau ntawm qia ntu. Xav txog cov hom no:

• Hordeum vulgare. Hom kab no hu ua ntau kab lossis zoo tib yam. Nyob rau txhua ntu ntawm tus pas nrig, nws muaj peb fertile spikelets uas muab nplej. Nyob ntawm qhov ntom ntawm pob ntseg, barley zoo tib yam tau muab faib ua ob hom: tsis tu ncua 6-kab (pob ntseg yog tuab thiab tuab, luv luv, zoo li lub hexagon tsis tu ncua hauv ntu ntu) thiab tsis xwm yeem 6-kab (pob ntseg tsis tshua muaj tuab., kab nrog cov nplej tau teeb tsa tsis raug, lateral spikelets tuaj yeem mus tom qab ib leeg thiab lag tom qab qhov nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob; nyob rau hauv ntu ntu, tus ntsia hlau loj tsim ib daim duab plaub).
• Hordeum distichon. Qhov no yog ob-kab barley, nyob rau ntu ntawm lub qia uas muaj peb spikelets (qhov nruab nrab yog fertile, thiab sab sawv daws yuav barren). Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm lateral spikelets, ob kab barley muab faib ua ob subspecies. Nyob rau hauv thawj subspecies, flowering thiab spikelet nplai yog nyob rau sab sterile spikelets, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, tsuas yog spikelets.
• Hordeum intermedium. Qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab barley. Nws tuaj yeem tsim tau 1-3 nplej ntawm ledge ntawm spikelet.

Nyob hauv peb lub latitudes, tsuas yog ntau kab thiabob kab barley. Thawj yog feem ntau ntxov dua thiab drought-resistant. Ntau kab thiab ob kab barley tau muab faib ua ntau yam. Kev faib tawm tuaj yeem ua raws li cov yam ntxwv xws li awning, awn cim, pob ntseg thiab xim xim, grain filminess, thiab pob ntseg ntom.

Zoo yam ntxwv

Caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley yoog tau zoo rau cov av sib txawv thiab kev nyab xeeb.

Kub. Barley noob pib germinate ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1 degree. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov zoo tshaj plaws taw qhia ntawm germination kub yog 20-22 degrees. Seedlings ntawm no qoob loo tuaj yeem tiv taus frosts txog li 8 degrees hauv qab no xoom. Cov nroj tsuag yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rhiab heev rau Frost thaum lub sij hawm flowering thiab ripening. Thaum lub sijhawm sau, lub embryo ntawm cov nplej tuaj yeem raug kev txom nyem txawm tias los ntawm 1.5-3 degrees Frost. Cov qoob loo raug huab cua sov tuaj yeem poob nws qhov peev xwm germination. Txias kam rau ua txawv nyob ntawm ntau yam ntawm barley. Ntau yam ntawm cheeb tsam polar yog cov resistant tshaj plaws.

Kub kub thaum lub sij hawm sau qoob barley zam zoo dua oats thiab hom qoob mog. Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm V. R. Zelensky, ntawm qhov kub ntawm 38-40 degrees, stomata ntawm nplooj ntawm kab lis kev cai poob lawv lub peev xwm kaw tom qab 25-30 teev. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej, daim duab no yog los ntawm 10 mus rau 17 teev. Qhov nce ntxiv ntawm barley mus rau qhov kub thiab txias yog vim nws cov precocity thiab muaj peev xwm rau intensive kev noj haus nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm kev loj hlob.

Humidity. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm drought kam rau ua, caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley yog ib tug ntawm covcov thawj coj ntawm cov khob cij ntawm pawg 1st. Nws kis tus nqi yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 400. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav, cov qoob loo barley feem ntau loj dua cov qoob loo.

Kev ua siab ntev rau huab cua thiab av drought yuav txawv ntawm ntau yam. Barley feem ntau raug rau qhov tsis muaj noo noo nyob rau hauv lub booting theem. Yog hais tias cov av tsis muaj dej txaus nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov pob txha loj yuav tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho kom zoo thiab cov kab uas tsis muaj kab mob yuav nce ntxiv.

Av. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley tau ua tiav hauv cov av sib txawv thiab thaj chaw huab cua, uas qhia txog nws qhov kev hloov pauv rau ntau hom av. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev teb rau cov av fertility, barley yog zoo li nplej ntau tshaj oats. Cov txheej txheem fertile av nrog ib tug tob arable qab ntug yog tsim nyog rau nws. Nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb thiab xuab zeb loamy xau, cov qoob loo no tsim tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd tsis zoo rau barley yog acidic peat thiab saline xau. Nws loj hlob zoo hauv cov av nrog pH ntawm 6.8 txog 7.5.

Ntsuag. Nyob ntawm ntau yam, thaj chaw loj hlob thiab kev nyab xeeb, lub caij cog qoob loo ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 60 txog 110 hnub.

Ntau yam

Hnub no, muaj ntau yam ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley. Peb yuav saib ob peb tus neeg nyiam kom tau txais lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm qhov teeb meem.

Viscount. Qhov ntau yam yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev ntawm intraspecific hybridization. Nws muaj ib tug upright Bush nrog ib tug hollow qia ntawm medium tuab. Cov hmoov nplej yog 0.042-0,054g ua. Lub caij loj hlob ntawm 73 mus rau 127 hnub nyob ntawm thaj tsam. Cov ntau yam yog suav tias yog grain forage, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob zoo nws muaj peev xwm tsim grain haum rau brewing. Cov nplej nruab nrab muaj 11 mus rau 13% cov protein. Filminess tsis tshaj 10%. Extractivity yog 77.8-80.1%.

Cov ntau yam tiv taus cov kab mob thiab hloov av thiab huab cua. Nws muaj peev xwm tawm los mus txog 70 centners ib hectare. Sowing ntawm no ntau yam yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm mus rau hauv lub teb. Kwv yees li ntawm 4.5-5 lab noob tau sown rau 1 hectar. Yog hais tias sowing lig, thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav cog lus yuav qhuav, ces daim duab no yog nce los ntawm 1 lab.

Vakula. Qhov ntau yam yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua kom haum rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev loj hlob. Nws muaj qhov txo qis photoperiodic rhiab heev, uas ua kom cov qoob loo zoo, tsis hais lub sijhawm tuaj txog ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ib qho kev latitude. Cov qoob loo loj tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 0.046 mus rau 0.052 g. Nrog cov dej noo ntau, qhov hnyav nce mus txog 0.060 g. Cov ntau yam muaj cov qoob loo loj hlob zog, tsis muaj filminess thiab cov ntsiab lus protein tsawg. Qhov kawg feature tso cai rau peb los ntaus nqi nws rau brewing. Tus sowing tus nqi yuav txawv ntawm 2 mus rau 3 lab noob rau 1 hectar. Thickened qoob loo nyob rau hauv qhuav tej yam kev mob tsis tsim loj noob ntawm high quality. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Vakula ntau yam tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 50 txog 90 xees ib hectare ntawm av.

Helios. Barley ntawm no ntau yam yog zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv nws cov yam ntxwv rau Vakula ntau yam. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog nws, nws muaj ntau dua grain zoo. Bushes zoo dua thiab muab siab duasau nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm zoo noo noo muab. Qhov ntau yam yog npaj rau intensive cultivation nrog txo noob nqi. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov nplej tuaj yeem yog 0.048 txog 0.050 grams. Lub caij cog qoob loo sib txawv hauv qhov nqaim heev - 90-93 hnub. Noob tus nqi yog 3.7-4.16 lab noob rau 1 hectar. Cov qoob loo ntawm cov barley tuaj yeem ncav cuag 89 q / ha.

Duncan. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley ntawm no ntau yam tau bred nyob rau hauv Canada thiab kis thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no vim nws zoo heev yield, germination thiab germination vigor. Vim lub qia muaj zog, no ntau yam ntawm barley yog resistant rau overmature thiab chaw nyob. Qhov hnyav ntawm ib qho nplej nruab nrab yog 0.049 g. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau yam nce mus txog 80 centners ib hectare. Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias nws muaj cov noob qis heev - 2-2.2 lab noob ib hectare. Qhov ntsuas tom kawg yog vim qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv lub xeev thickened, kab lis kev cai tsim tsis zoo. Priazovsky 9. Lub sowing barley ntawm no ntau yam yog muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov tseem ceeb ntau yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab drought thiab zoo plasticity. Lub sij hawm zaub ntawm xws li barley yog 80-82 hnub. Nws cov straw muaj lub zog siab thiab tiv taus qhov chaw nyob. Qhov ntau yam yog resistant rau powdery mildew, dwarf xeb thiab txhua yam kab tsuag. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev cog qoob loo hauv Central Black Earth, North Caucasus thiab Middle Volga cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm barley ntawm hom no yog 42-63 centners ib hectare. Qhov loj ntawm ib lub noob tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 0.045-0.055 grams.

Mamluk. Qhov no ntau yam muaj lub siab photoperiod rhiab heev,vim qhov uas nws loj hlob sai nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Qhov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm ntau yam no tsis yog siab npaum li yav dhau los, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias Federation. Feem ntau ntawm cov nplej yog siv rau fodder, tab sis ua rau hauv cereals kuj muaj ntau. Cov ntau yam muaj qhov nruab nrab tsis kam rau drought thiab, raws li kev siv tshuab ua liaj ua teb, yog xyaum tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kab mob. Mamluk yog nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub Krasnodar thiab Stavropol Territories ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau yam tuaj yeem ncav cuag 68 xees ib hectare. Productivity ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley thiab tawm los yog siab dua ua ntej nws yog sown. Cov noob qoob loo yog li ntawm 4.5 txog 5 lab nplej ib hectare. Yog hais tias lub sij hawm ntawm sowing lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley tsis tau raws li, nws yuav tsum tau nce los ntawm ib lab.

Nyob hauv qoob loo tig

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws forerunners rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley yog kab qoob loo xws li qos yaj ywm, pob kws thiab qab zib beets. Cov qoob loo caij ntuj no uas ua raws li cov av fertilized huv si kuj yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo. Barley kuj tau sown tom qab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej, yog tias nws tau muab tso rau ntawm ib qho chaw dawb los yog ntawm ib txheej ntawm cov nyom txhua xyoo. Kab-sown barley tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo rau brewing. Nws muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov nplej zoo, uas muaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab.

Rau cov khoom noj lossis rau cov tsiaj nyeg pub, barley kuj tau sown tom qab legumes, uas khaws nitrogen hauv av. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam loj hlob beet, nws yog feem ntau sown nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm beets. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm barley tau pom thaum nws ua ntej(nyob rau hauv nqe lus txiav txim): qos yaj ywm, pob kws, flax thiab beets, caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej, barley.

Vim nws yog cov qoob loo ntxov ntxov, barley suav hais tias yog ib qho zoo forerunner rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab, hauv qee thaj tsam, cov qoob loo caij ntuj no. Ua tsaug rau kev sau thaum ntxov, nws tseem muaj nuj nqis raws li cov qoob loo npog thiab ua tau zoo dua lwm cov cereals caij nplooj ntoos hlav hauv qhov no.

Caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley teb zoo rau av fertilization. Kev tsim ntawm 100 kg ntawm grain yuav tsum tau mus txog 2.5-3 kg ntawm nitrogen, 2-2.4 kg ntawm poov tshuaj thiab 1.1-1.2 kg ntawm phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kab lis kev cai noj me me ntawm chiv. Thaum lub sij hawm "shoot-tillering", nws siv li ib nrab ntawm phosphorus, ib nrab ntawm nitrogen thiab peb-quarters ntawm cov poov tshuaj ntawm tag nrho cov chiv siv thaum lub caij loj hlob.

Kev siv cov quav ncaj qha rau hauv barley yog xyaum nyob rau sab qaum teb, qhov twg nws yog cov qoob loo tseem ceeb. Hauv lwm thaj chaw, lawv siv nws lub peev xwm los txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov quav - lawv tau sown ua qoob loo thib ob.

Cov chiv zoo li no rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley xws li phosphorus thiab poov tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv txias plowing. Nitrogen yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws siv thaum hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus rau kev cog qoob loo ua ntej. Potassium thiab phosphorus txhim kho brewing zoo ntawm kab lis kev cai. Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam sab hnub poob ntawm kev cog qoob loo, barley muab thaum hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus nrog cov chiv ua tiav.

Qhov feem ntawm ib lossis lwm yam chiv yuav nyob ntawm seb hom av uas cog qoob loo. Ntawm podzolic grey thiab degrading cov av dub, nrog rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov txiv ntseej xau, barley teb tau zoo.rau phosphate thiab nitrogen chiv. Ntawm cov av swampy, poov tshuaj muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Ntawm cov chernozems ib txwm, cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua tiav siv phosphorus-potassium complexes.

Cov tshuaj chiv, nrog rau nws hom, nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov av, kev npaj tawm los thiab kev siv cov khoom noj. Rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo ib txwm muaj, ntxiv rau cov chiv uas tau teev tseg, nws tseem yuav tsum tau siv ntau cov microfertilizers, uas yog raws li: boron, manganese, zinc, tooj liab, molybdenum, thiab lwm yam. Qhov tsis muaj microelements hauv cov av tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov kab mob metabolic thiab txo qis hauv cov qoob loo.

Nyob rau hauv cov av peat, tooj liab sulphate thiab pyrite calcine yog siv los ua chiv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov chiv tooj liab cuam tshuam rau cov qoob loo tom qab ob peb xyoos xwb.

Tillage

Kab lis kev cai loj hlob zoo hauv thaj teb nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg plowing tob. Qhov tob ntawm plowing tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 30 cm. Ntawm cov av soddy-podzolic, cov nyhuv tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus txheej arable nrog rau kev qhia ib txhij ntawm cov quav thiab pob zeb hauv av chiv. Daus thiab yaj dej nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam npaj rau sowing caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nplej. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav tillage tej zaum yuav muaj xws li harrowing los yog plowing thiab cultivation nrog ib txhij harrowing.

Tam sim no xav txog kev cog qoob loo ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav los ntawm theem.

Kev npaj noob

Kev tseb siv cov noob loj ntawm barley. Lawv muaj zog heev ntawm germination, muab heap tua thiab loj hlob zoo. Txhawm rau kom cov qoob loo nce ntxiv, cov noob raug kho los ntawm txoj kev cua-thermal cua sov. Lawv kuj raug kho tawm tsam cov kab mob loj thiab kab tsuag hauv txoj kev qhuav lossis ib nrab qhuav.

Saib daim calendar

Caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley yog cog thaum ntxov. Yog hais tias sowing yog ncua los ntawm ib lub lim tiam, tawm los yuav txo los ntawm 10-40%, nyob ntawm seb cheeb tsam. Thaum sown ntxov, barley tsim cov nplej loj nrog cov ntsiab lus tsawg kawg ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov yub tiv taus.

Raws li txoj cai, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley yog sown nrog lossis tom qab lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Hauv Siberia thiab sab qaum teb Kazakhstan, barley sowing daim ntawv qhia hnub pib txij lub Tsib Hlis 15-25, nyob ntawm lub xyoo. Lub ob hlis ntuj cov qoob loo yog xyaum nyob rau hauv Crimea, Kuban thiab Central Asia. Yog li, lub sij hawm ntawm sowing caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley tuaj yeem sib txawv heev thiab nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cheeb tsam.

Kev cog qoob loo

Sau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley hauv txoj kev hla thiab nqaim yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Raws li kev xyaum qhia, cov txheej txheem no, piv nrog cov kab lus sib xyaw ua ke, muab kwv yees li 15% ntau cov txiaj ntsig.

Seed nqi

Tus nqi sowing nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm barley cultivation. Piv txwv li, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Far East lawv muaj li ntawm 1.6 mus rau 2 centners ib hectare (kwv yees li 4.5 lab cov noob siv tau), thiab nyob rau hauv North Caucasus - 1.3-1.6 centners ib hectare (kwv yees li 3.5-4.5 lab noob). Yog li, cov nqi ntawm cov noob tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv ntau qhov sib txawv, nyob ntawm qhov agrotechnical thiabav tej yam kev mob ntawm cheeb tsam. Hauv cov qoob loo thickened, cov ntsiab lus protein nyob hauv cov nplej yog txo. Qhov no yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account yog hais tias kab lis kev cai yog zus rau brewing.

Sau qhov tob

Ntawm cov av nplaum hnyav, cov noob tau cog rau qhov tob tsis tshaj 4 cm, thiab hauv cov av xuab zeb - tsis pub ntau tshaj 6 cm. cm. Sown noob swell maj mam, yog li ntawd lawv yuav tsum tau kaw nyob rau hauv ib tug moist txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

kev saib xyuas qoob loo

Txhawm rau ua kom cov qoob loo zoo, hauv thaj chaw arid tom qab sowing dov yog nqa tawm ib txhij nrog lub teeb harrowing. Hauv thaj chaw humid, yub yarrow yog siv. Cov kev ntsuas no tso cai rau koj los rhuav tshem cov nroj tsuag, loosen cov av thiab nce kev nkag mus ntawm oxygen rau cov hauv paus hniav. Yog tias tom qab los nag hnyav, cov pob zeb tau tsim rau hauv av, thiab cov nroj tsuag tseem tsis tau tshwm sim, nws yuav raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cov qoob loo.

Barley ripens ua ke. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm ripeness, pob ntseg ua nkig, thiab cov nplej crumbles yooj yim. Kev sau ob-theem pib kwv yees li ntawm nruab nrab ntawm cov quav ripeness, thiab ib-theem sau qoob loo - ntawm tag nrho cov ripeness, nyob rau hauv ib tug ceev hom.

Miller's barley nta

Cov kev cai tshwj xeeb yog muab tso rau ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav barley siv hauv brewing. Rau brewing, ob-kab barley ntau yam yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, uas tsim loj, txawm thiab sib npaug germinating nplej. Cov nplej rau brewing yuav tsum loj (qhov hnyav li ntawm 0.040-0.050 g) thiab nyias-zaj duab xis, muaj straw-xim daj, muaj tsawg kawg yog 78% hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab muaj zog germination siab (tsawg kawg 95%).

Yav dhau los, nws tau ntseeg tias tsuas yog cov nplej ntawm barley, uas cov ntsiab lus protein tsawg tsawg, yog tsim rau brewing npias. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias txhua yam ntawm no tsis yog nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov protein, tab sis ntawm lawv qhov zoo. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua tiav thaum siv barley, uas muaj cov protein ntau molecular hnyav (globulins thiab prolamins), uas tau xyaum ua tsis muaj dej. Tsis yog-protein nitrogen, nrog rau albumin nitrogen, muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tsim npias. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws precursors rau xws li barley yog lub caij ntuj no qoob loo, pob kws, qos yaj ywm, beets thiab flax.

Thaum cog qoob loo rau kev lag luam brewing, cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws yog ua tiav thaum cog ntxov. Qhov no ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov nplej loj nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab txo cov yeeb yaj kiab.

Nyob rau hauv kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo, txoj kev cog qoob loo zoo tshaj plaws kuj yog kab nqaim thiab ntoo khaub lig. Tom qab sowing dov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov qoob loo zoo. Thiab thaum lub crust tsim los yog cov av yog compacted, harrowing yog siv. Ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem no, lub qia yog homogeneous, thiab cov nplej yog leveled. Nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo ntawm m alting barley, nws tsis pom zoo kom mus rau trimming, raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no cov nplej yuav tig tawm mus rau me me thiab nrog txo tus yam ntxwv.

Qhov zoo ntawm m alting barley cuam tshuam zoo heev los ntawmtxoj kev tu thiab sijhawm. Qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog pom los ntawm kev sau qoob loo ib zaug, nqa tawm thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho ripeness, thaum cov ntsiab lus noo ntawm cov nplej tsis ntau tshaj 22%. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau thaj tsam yav qab teb, feem ntau siv ob-theem sau qoob loo. Yog hais tias barley yog overstayed, tus nqi ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab nyob rau hauv cov nplej tee, raws li kev ua pa pib. Tsis tshua muaj huab cua kub thiab noo noo ntau dhau thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho ripeness tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov zoo ntawm cov noob ntawm lig harvesting. Tom qab threshing, cov nplej yog ua tib zoo txheeb thiab qhuav, uas tso cai rau nws tswj nws lub teeb xim thiab xyuas kom meej germination zog.