Daim ntawv teev cov hlau hnyav: hom thiab nta
Daim ntawv teev cov hlau hnyav: hom thiab nta

Video: Daim ntawv teev cov hlau hnyav: hom thiab nta

Video: Daim ntawv teev cov hlau hnyav: hom thiab nta
Video: Xav Muaj Nyiaj Yuav Ua Li Cas ?? 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Ntawm tag nrho 104 cov tshuaj lom neeg paub niaj hnub no, 82 yog hlau. Lawv tuav ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg hauv kev lag luam, lom neeg thiab ib puag ncig. Niaj hnub nimno science faib cov hlau rau hauv hnyav, lub teeb thiab noble. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav saib cov npe ntawm cov hlau hnyav thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov hlau hnyav

Thaum pib, nws yog kev cai hu rau cov hlau hnyav cov neeg sawv cev uas muaj atomic loj tshaj 50. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv lub npe hu ua niaj hnub no tshwm sim ntau zaus tsis yog los ntawm kev xav ntawm cov tshuaj, tab sis nyob ntawm lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug. Yog li, cov npe ntawm cov hlau hnyav suav nrog cov hlau thiab metalloids (semimetals) uas ua rau cov khoom ntawm tib neeg biosphere (av, dej). Wb mus saib lawv.

Cov npe ntawm cov hlau hnyav muaj pes tsawg?

Hnub no, tsis muaj kev pom zoo rau cov naj npawb ntawm cov npe hauv cov npe, vim tsis muaj cov txheej txheem dav dav hais txog cov hlau.hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, cov npe ntawm cov hlau hnyav tuaj yeem tsim nyob ntawm ntau yam khoom ntawm cov hlau thiab lawv cov cwj pwm. Cov no suav nrog:

  • Atomic hnyav. Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, ntau tshaj 40 lub ntsiab lus uas muaj atomic loj dua 50 amu (g / mol) yog cov npe.
  • Density. Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, cov hlau no suav tias yog hnyav, qhov ntom ntom yog sib npaug lossis tshaj qhov ntom ntawm hlau.
  • Kev lom lom lom lom ua ke ua ke cov hlau hnyav uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub neej thiab cov kab mob nyob. Muaj txog 20 yam khoom ntawm lawv daim ntawv teev npe.

Nyob rau tib neeg lub cev

Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau txhua yam kab mob. Vim yog qhov loj atomic loj, lawv thauj tsis zoo thiab sib sau ua ke hauv tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg, ua rau ntau yam kab mob. Yog li, rau tib neeg lub cev, cadmium, mercury thiab txhuas tau lees paub tias yog cov hlau txaus ntshai tshaj plaws thiab hnyav tshaj plaws.

Cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg yog pawg raws li qib ntawm kev phom sij raws li cov cai hu ua Mertz, raws li cov hlau uas muaj tshuaj lom tshaj plaws muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws:

  1. Cadmium, mercury, thallium, lead, arsenic (ib pawg ntawm cov hlau phom sij txaus ntshai tshaj plaws, dhau qhov kev tso cai txwv uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws loj thiab txawm tuag).
  2. Cob alt, chromium, molybdenum, npib tsib xee, antimony, scandium, zinc.
  3. Barium, manganese, strontium, vanadium, tungsten

Qhov no txawm li cas los xij tsis tau txhais hais tias tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv pawg saum toj noMertz txoj cai, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov npe ntawm cov hlau hnyav suav nrog cov no thiab ntau dua 20 lub ntsiab lus, qhov me me ntawm qhov tsis yog tsuas yog tsis txaus ntshai rau tib neeg lub neej, tab sis kuj tseem tsim nyog hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hlau, tooj liab, cob alt, molybdenum thiab txawm zinc..

Kev muaj kuab paug ib puag ncig nrog cov hlau hnyav

daim ntawv teev cov hlau hnyav
daim ntawv teev cov hlau hnyav

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm biosphere uas muaj kuab paug los ntawm cov hlau hnyav yog av thiab dej. Feem ntau, cov culprits rau qhov no yog metallurgical tuam txhab uas muag ua lub teeb thiab hnyav non-ferrous hlau. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg ua qias tuaj kuj tau ntxiv los ntawm cov khib nyiab khib nyiab, tsheb tso tsheb, cov nroj tsuag boiler, tshuaj tsim khoom, cov tuam txhab luam ntawv thiab txawm tias cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau yog: txhuas (tsheb tsim khoom), mercury (piv txwv li kev faib tawm: cov ntsuas kub thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob fluorescent tawg hauv lub neej txhua hnub), cadmium (tsim los ntawm cov khib nyiab hlawv). Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau cov chaw tsim khoom hauv kev tsim khoom siv ib lossis lwm lub ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem piav qhia tias hnyav. Cov hlau ntawm cov pab pawg, cov npe uas tau muab los saum toj no, hauv daim ntawv pov tseg feem ntau nkag mus rau hauv dej thiab tom qab ntawd mus txog tib neeg raws cov saw hlau trophic.

Ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm cov pa phem nrog cov hlau hnyav, kuj tseem muaj cov xwm txheej ntuj tsim - cov no yog cov hluav taws kub tawg, hauv cov lava uas pom muaj cov ntsiab lus ntau ntxiv ntawm cadmium.

hnyav hlau band lis
hnyav hlau band lis

Txoj kev faib cov hlau uas muaj tshuaj lom tshaj plaws hauv cov xwm txheej

Mercury nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej feem ntau ntawm txhua qhov chaw nyob hauv dej thiab huab cua ib puag ncig. Mercury nkag mus rau hauv cov dej hauv ntiaj teb cov dej hiav txwv los ntawm kev lag luam tawm, thiab tseem muaj cov mercury vapors tsim los ntawm cov thee combustion. Cov tshuaj lom neeg sib sau ua ke hauv cov kab mob muaj sia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov nqaij nruab deg.

Lead muaj thaj chaw faib dav dav. Nws accumulates nyob rau hauv roob, thiab nyob rau hauv av, thiab nyob rau hauv dej, thiab nyob rau hauv cov kab mob nyob, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pa gases los ntawm lub tsheb. Tau kawg, txhuas nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig los ntawm kev ua haujlwm anthropological nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom pov tseg thiab cov khib nyiab uas tsis siv dua tshiab (cov roj teeb thiab cov roj teeb).

hnyav non-ferrous hlau daim ntawv teev
hnyav non-ferrous hlau daim ntawv teev

Thiab qhov chaw ntawm ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug nrog cadmium yog cov dej khib nyiab ntawm cov chaw lag luam, nrog rau tej yam ntuj tso: huab cua ntawm tooj liab ore, av leaching, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm volcanic kev ua si.

Kev siv hlau hnyav

Txawm tias muaj kev phom sij, kev lag luam niaj hnub tsim ntau yam khoom siv los ntawm kev ua cov hlau tsis muaj hlau hnyav, cov npe uas suav nrog cov alloys ntawm tooj liab, zinc, txhuas, tin, nickel, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, thiab lwm yam.

tooj liab yog cov khoom siv zoo heev uas tuaj yeem siv los ua ntau yam ntawm cov xov hlau, cov kav dej, cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, vov tsev thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau siv dav hauv kev siv tshuab engineering thiab nkoj tsim khoom.

Heaviest hlau daim ntawv teev
Heaviest hlau daim ntawv teev

Zinc muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv corrosion siab, yog li kev siv zinc alloys rau txheej hlau cov khoom (hu ua galvanization) yog ib txwm muaj. Kev siv cov khoom siv zinc: kev tsim kho, mechanical engineering, luam ntawv (cov ntawv luam), foob pob hluav taws kev tshawb fawb, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam (cov kua roj vanish thiab xim ntau lawm) thiab txawm tias tshuaj (antiseptics, thiab lwm yam).

lub teeb thiab hnyav non-ferrous hlau daim ntawv teev
lub teeb thiab hnyav non-ferrous hlau daim ntawv teev

Lead melts yooj yim, yog li nws yog siv los ua raw khoom hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam: xim thiab kua roj vanish, tshuaj, tsheb (suav nrog roj teeb), hluav taws xob, kev kho mob (tsim cov ntaub thaiv npog rau cov neeg mob thaum kuaj X-ray).

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