Daim ntawv teev cov hlau tsis-ferrous: yam ntxwv, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim sai heev yog tias tus txiv neej tsis pom txoj hauv kev rau kuv thiab ua ntau yam hlau. Thiab yog tias thaum xub thawj qhov no tau ua kom yooj yim los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm ntuj nuggets dag ncaj qha rau saum npoo av, tom qab ntawd tsis ntev cov npe ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau uas tib neeg tau tswj kom "tame" pib nthuav dav. Thawj qhov kev sim thiab kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxiv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tshiab tau pom tias txhua yam khoom muaj cov khoom sib txawv, thiab lawv siv rau tib lub hom phiaj yog tsis yooj yim sua. Tsis tas li ntawd, txwv tsis pub, kev nyuaj rau kev tsuas yog qhov ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua thiab kim dua ferrous.

Pib hlau yog dab tsi?

Qee tus neeg xav tias cov hlau hauv paus tsuas yog kub, nyiaj thiab platinum, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb.kev pom kev tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem suav nrog tag nrho cov hlau no hauv cov npe saum toj no ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, vim tias lawv nyob hauv ntau pawg ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom, cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm, kev nthuav dav, thiab kev siv (tshwj tsis yog rau cov ntshiab huv. hniav nyiaj hniav kub kev lag luam). Cov hlau tsis-ferrous tuaj yeem suav tias yog txhua yam uas tsis muaj Fe, uas yog, hlau.

Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj ntau cov tshuaj xws li tshuaj, txhua yam uas muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab ua kom tiav lawv cov extraction. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws: tooj liab, txhuas, titanium, magnesium, npib tsib xee, tin, lead, chromium, zirconium thiab ntau tshaj li ib lub kaum os cov ntaub ntawv uas siv nyob rau hauv nqaim industries. Tsis tsuas yog nws tsis yooj yim sua kom nrhiav tau cov analogues rau lawv, tab sis cov khoom tsim khoom tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov chaw soj nstuam uas muaj kev tshawb fawb tau dhau los thiab npau suav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb thiab txhua lub hnub nyoog. Nws txaus kom nco qab txog cov haujlwm alchemical thiab kev sim piav qhia ob qho tib si hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm qub, thiab hauv cov haujlwm keeb kwm, ntawv nyeem thiab ntau cov lus dab neeg uas tsis muaj pov thawj ntseeg tau.

Hluav Taws, dej thiab tooj liab kav

Yog li qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau yog dab tsi dua li cov hlau ntau dua thiab pheej yig dua? Vim li cas lawv feem ntau mined nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nyuaj heev, thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam ntawm ntau yam calibers tsis yig mus sau seem ntawm non-ferrous hlau me ntsis? Qhov tseeb yog tias cov ntaub ntawv no muaj lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce softness thiab plasticity, zoo heevlub zog conductivity, thiab txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov hlau uas tib neeg paub yuav ua li cas rau kuv, txhua tus ntawm lawv yog siv rau lub hom phiaj sib txawv kiag li.

Raws li qhov tseeb, tsis yog txhua yam khoom siv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntshiab, tsis muaj tshuaj lom, cov npe ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau raug hu ua alloying loj heev. Lawv sib xyaw ua ke, tsim cov khoom sib txuas tshiab uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev lag luam chaw, tshuaj thiab ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Qee lub sij hawm nws yog txaus kom tsis txhob ua ib feem lossis cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom kim heev thiab cov khoom tsis muaj hlau tsis zoo, tab sis tsuas yog txau nws xwb. Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov txheej nyias nyias yuav txaus kom ua tiav cov hom phiaj xav tau.

Txhua yam glitters tsis kub

Kub yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nto moo tshaj plaws. Qhov no tsis yog xav tsis thoob, nws cov koob meej yog siab heev uas lawv tau them nyiaj rau cov khoom, nws yog lub hauv paus rau ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab, los ntawm thiab loj, tau los ua ib hom kev ntsuas ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Ntau xyoo dhau los, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov teb chaws tau tshwm sim hauv qhov sib npaug kub, thiab txawm tias tam sim no cov nyiaj kub thiab txawv teb chaws pauv nyiaj ntawm cov peev nyiaj ntawm ib lub xeev yog qhov qhia txog theem ntawm kev lag luam tag nrho thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm cov pej xeem tshwj xeeb.

Ntxiv mus, kub yog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, tab sis yooj yim rau txheej txheem. Nws lub ntsiab kom zoo dua yog nws zoo heev malleability, ua tsaug rau cov jewelers tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom ntawm dajkhoom. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj me ntsis kub hauv qhov xwm txheej, thiab nws nyuaj heev rau mine nws; yog li ntawd, ntau yam additives feem ntau ntxiv rau nws, uas me ntsis hloov xim thiab softness ntawm kub thaum kawg tshwm sim. Cov npe ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau muaj ntau yam, thiab txhua qhov ntxiv yog siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog:

tooj;

nyiaj;

nickel;

platinum;

palladium;

zinc

Txhua yam ntawm cov hlau no hloov cov xim qub ntawm cov khoom tsim, uas tuaj yeem ua nrog ntsuab, liab dawb, dawb tint. Lub zog ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw kuj tseem ceeb heev, vim tias kub nws tus kheej yog mos heev uas nws tuaj yeem khawb tau yooj yim, txiav nrog rab riam nrog kev siv zog, tom nrog tus hniav. Txhua txoj hauv kev no yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim thiab pheej yig rau txhua tus los sim cov khoom kom muaj tseeb.

Ntxiv rau kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub, kub yog siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, hluav taws xob, chaw thiab dav hlau tsim, thiab roj ntau lawm.

Precious Metals

Ntawm cov hlau kim tshaj plaws, cov saum toj no tsis txhais tau tias kim tshaj plaws, nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv plaub txoj hauj lwm hauv kev ntaus nqi. Cov npe ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau los ntawm lawv cov nqi nyeem raws li hauv qab no (piv tus nqi rau 1 gram):

• californium - los ntawm 500 txhiab daus las;
• osmium-187– los ntawm 200 txhiab daus las;
• rhodium - $225;
• platinum - $77;
• kub - $30;
• osmium - $19;
• iridium -$16;
• ruthenium - $15;
• palladium - $14;
• silver - $0.6.

Tsis tshua muaj cov tshuaj no yog siv hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, thiab tsis yog txhua tus siv los tsim cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Feem ntau, high-precision ntau lawm ntawm ib tug neeg cov khoom ntawm complex qhov chaw raug rau kub los yog tsawg kub, aggressive chemicals, thiab lwm yam yog assumed. Cov khoom uas tsis yog-ferrous los ntawm pab pawg no yog ib tug high-precision, complex, tab sis muaj txiaj ntsim kev ua si uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xeev. theem lossis los ntawm cov koom haum monopolistic. Hauv kev lag luam tub rog, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, cov foob pob hluav taws raug rhuav tshem, qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom raug sau me ntsis los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntxiv.

Daim ntawv thov

Ntau tus neeg yuav xav tias yog vim li cas cov ntaub ntawv no kim heev. Thiab tau txais ib gram ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis, yuav ua li cas nrog nws hauv kev xyaum? Cov lus teb yog yooj yim: tsis muaj kev txawj ntse thiab khoom siv - tsis muaj dab tsi.

Yog li, palladium yog siv rau minting souvenirs thiab collections, uas yog ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm peev. Tab sis rau ntau lub hom phiaj, nws yog siv los tsim cov cuab yeej kho mob. Ruthenium muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev ua kom huv dej, thiab iridium ntxiv dag zog rau cov khoom siv uas yuav raug kub hnyiab tau.

Ntau cov hlau tsis yog hlau siv los ua ib qho kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab txuag peev, koom nrog kev lag luam kev lag luam ob qho tib si ntawm kev sib pauv thiabyog ib qho ntawm txoj hauv kev rau kev lag luam duab ntxoov ntxoo thiab kev sib haum xeeb.

tooj liab alloys

tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob, kav dej, thiab hluav taws xob. Nws yog refractory heev, ua kom sov thiab hluav taws xob zoo, thaum tsis muaj zog txaus thiab nyuaj rau nrum. Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov teeb meem no, ntau yam impurities tau ntxiv rau cov hlau ntshiab, uas ua rau tooj liab nws tus kheej ruaj khov dua. Lub resulting tin tsis raug corrosion thiab hnav, ua tsaug rau cov khoom zoo li no, qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm nws daim ntawv thov yog dav heev.

Lwm cov tshuaj ntxiv yog zinc, qee feem pua ntawm cov hlau no ua rau kom tau tooj dag. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloying tshuaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, qhov ntau dua qhov feem pua ntawm cov additives cov ntsiab lus, lub harder cov hlau, tab sis kuj ntau raug rau corrosion puas.

Tab sis cov tooj liab-nickel alloy feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom ntxiv muab cov xim zoo nkauj thiab lub zog rau cov khoom.

Aluminium yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Cov koob npe zoo li no yog vim tus nqi qis ntawm kev tsim khoom, yooj yim ntawm kev ua, qhov sib txheeb ntawm cov hlau, muaj peev xwm siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua.

Raws li nrog rau lwm cov hlau, ntau yam khoom ntxiv tau ntxiv rau cov ntshiab aluminium thaum lub sij hawm alloying, ntxiv rau, cov alloys lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem muaj cov cuab yeej tsim khoom sib txawv, faib rau cov uas tau ua kom tawv tawv rau kev kho cua sov, tsis tawv, thiab tseem muaj cov khoom siv sib txawv. cais, thib peb qeb tso cai castingcov khoom thiab cov khoom tsim nyog.

Rolled non-ferrous hlau xav tias cov khoom tom qab ua tiav yuav siv cov rods, xov hlau ntawm ntau ntu thiab lub hom phiaj, nplooj ntawv, kav dej, ingots thiab bushings.