Cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam thiab cov txheej txheem rau lawv txoj cai

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Xwm yog ib qho kev hloov mus tas li, txawj ntse, tshwj xeeb, kho tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov kev rov zoo li no, qee lub sijhawm yuav tsum dhau mus. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm tas li anthropogenic nres, xwm tsis muaj txaus lub zog thiab cov kev pab cuam los kho nws tus kheej. Vim li no, teeb meem ib puag ncig ntiaj teb no tshwm sim. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog cov pa phem ntawm dej hiav txwv thiab, vim li ntawd, tsis muaj dej huv hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Vim muaj kuab paug ntawm lub cev dej, lawv cov neeg nyob kuj raug kev txom nyem. Kab lus no yuav tsom mus rau cov dej khib nyiab ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, txoj hauv kev rau lawv cov rationing thiab purification.

Teeb meem ib puag ncig ntawm lub nroog loj

Nws nyuaj rau xav txog lub nroog uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig ntuj. Thawj thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plawsdab tsi yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb yog kev alienation ntawm ib tug loj ib ncig thiab nws transformation ntawm ib tug hav zoov los yog ib tug teb mus rau hauv ib tug reinforced pob zeb hav zoov. Nws tsis xaus rau ntawd. Tib neeg cov khoom pov tseg ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab feem ntau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag ntiaj teb.

Ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm cov nroog muaj xws li:

• kev qias neeg ntawm tus dej, hiav txwv thiab pas dej vim muaj cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov pa phem;
• huab cua muaj kuab paug los ntawm kev lag luam emissions;
• av, dej thiab huab cua muaj kuab paug (tsim) nrog cov pov tseg kev lag luam phom sij;
• kev puas tsuaj ntawm thaj chaw ntsuab thiab lawv cov neeg nyob;
• tsis muaj dej huv;
• kev hloov pauv huab cua thiab ozone depletion.

Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm anthropogenic yam, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm tus txiv neej los hloov qhov xwm txheej kom zoo dua. Cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab lawv cov kev kho mob yuav tsum dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj cai sab hauv ntawm cov nroog thiab kev txhawb nqa rau cov lag luam uas koom nrog cov haujlwm no.

Nyob ntawm cov dej khib nyiab

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, kev faib tawm yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg txhawm rau xaiv cov txheej txheem pov tseg. Cov dej khib nyiab muaj tau muab faib ua peb hom:

• tsev neeg pov tseg;
• kev lag luam pov tseg;
• sab thiab infiltration runoff.

Rau txhua homKev tso tawm yog ib txwm muab rau lawv tus kheej cov kav dej, txawm hais tias qee zaum hauv qee lub nroog lawv tseem muab txhua yam ua ke. Qhov no tsuas yog exacerbates qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tu tom ntej.

tsev neeg cov dej khib nyiab

Hom kev tso tawm no yog qhov raug rau txhua lub tsev thiab cov qauv nruab nrog chav dej, thiab yog li ntawd, qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov paug tawm, raws li txoj cai, yeej ib txwm zoo ib yam. Cov dej khib nyiab hauv tsev yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov organic teeb meem, muaj nitrogen, phosphorus thiab ntxhib impurities. Kev ntxuav ntawm cov pa phem no, raws li txoj cai, yog kev lom neeg thiab tsis ua rau muaj teeb meem, cov nqi hluav taws xob siab, thiab yog li ntawd yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam ntawm hom no txawv tsuas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem nchuav dej rau hauv chav dej thiab lub dab dej uas tsis tuaj yeem ntws tawm. Qhov no muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam, tshuaj nroj tsuag, electroplating nroj tsuag, tshuaj nroj tsuag.

Ntog dej khib nyiab

Txhua cov dej nag uas ntog hauv cov nroog dhau los ntawm cov kav dej cua daj cua dub nkag mus rau hauv lub tank, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau cov chaw kho mob. Hom dej khib nyiab no, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog muaj kuab paug nrog cov khoom siv tshem tawm thiab cov khoom siv roj, thiab yog li ntawd txhua lub nroog cua daj cua dub tau ntxuav raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev daws thiab tshem tawm cov khoom siv roj.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab ntawm no tias cov emissions los ntawm lub ru tsev, asph alt pavement tau sau, thiab txawm tias ntws los ntawm cov av thiab cov nyom yog suav nrog. Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm hom nonyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm unscrupulous gas tu thiab spills (kev huam yuaj), lawv muaj peev xwm yuav kis tau nrog tej yam ntxwv yam ntxwv ntawm no hom ntawm ntau lawm. Yog li ntawd, hom kev tso tawm no kuj yuav tsum tau ntxuav ua ntej.

Industrial wastewater

Tsis muaj cov thev naus laus zis tsis muaj pov tseg. Txawm tias lub lag luam me tshaj plaws uas siv dej hauv nws cov txheej txheem tsim cov dej khib nyiab. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov pa phem ntawm cov paug tawm no txawv ntawm kev lag luam cog.

• Kev lag luam pulp thiab ntawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov pa phem heev. Yog li ntawd, kev tu hauv qhov no yuav tsum muaj ntau theem thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Cov pa phem tseem ceeb yog fiber ntau, selenium, chlorine, turpentine, SO_2.
• Lub tsheb thauj khoom lag luam tsim cov dej khib nyiab thaum ntxuav, pleev xim, kho, thiab yog li ntawd lawv muaj kuab paug hnyav nrog cov khoom siv roj, phenols, cov khib nyiab pov tseg.
• Refineries siv cov dej rov ua dua tshiab. Cov dej khib nyiab ntawm qee qhov kev lag luam muaj cov ntsev ntsev, cov khoom siv roj, sulfates, tshem tawm cov khib nyiab, chlorides.
• Cov liaj teb thiab cov nqaij ua liaj ua teb tsim tawm cov paug tawm hauv dej thiab cov kav dej phwj nrog nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, kab mob thiab kab mob.

Raws li tau pom los ntawm daim ntawv teev npe, kev kho dej khib nyiab ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam nruj me ntsis nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pa phem.

Environmental regulation system

Taukom tsis txhob muaj xwm txheej thiab qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv kev tswj xyuas txhua qhov kev lag luam. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev kho cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam thiab cov txheej txheem rau lawv cov kev tswj hwm tau muab tso rau hauv ib puag ncig kev cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias Federation. Nws yog ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej ntuj tsim nyog, ntawm txoj cai ntawm txhua tus neeg mus rau ib puag ncig noj qab haus huv thiab raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.

Lub hauv paus rau kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig yog lub tswv yim ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws tso siab tau (MPC), nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws tso tawm (MPE) thiab tso tawm (MPD). Cov kev cai no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los teeb tsa cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws rau cov pa phem uas tuaj yeem tawm mus rau hauv lub cev dej lossis cov kav dej phwj tuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias MPC rau kev tso tawm mus rau hauv lub reservoir yuav nruj dua li MPC rau kev tso tawm mus rau hauv lub nroog cov kav dej, txij li thaum kawg, cov dej khib nyiab yuav xub muab khaws cia thiab kho hauv cov chaw kho dej hauv nroog., thiab ces tsuas yog nkag mus rau hauv lub reservoir.

Txoj cai lij choj hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv dej yog raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai 416-FZ "Rau dej thiab kev huv" hnub tim 29 Kaum Ib Hlis 2011, cov cai lij choj thiab GOSTs, SP, SanPiNs. Cov tom kawg tau tso cai kom muaj ntau ntxiv thiab ua cov lus pom zoo tshwj xeeb.

SanPiN rau MPC ntawm cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam ntawm Lavxias Federation tsim cov qauv rau cov khoom siv zoo ntawm cov dej khib nyiab rau kev tawm mus rau hauv dej thiab cov kev cai rau kev tiv thaiv cov dej khib nyiab. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov ua tau zoo, thiab yog li ntawdimpurities, xim, kub, pH, mineralization, BOD5, kis kab mob yog normalized nyob rau hauv nws. Cov kev cai huv huv thiab cov qauv 2.1.5.980-00 "Kev pov tseg dej ntawm thaj chaw pej xeem, kev tiv thaiv kev huv ntawm lub cev dej. Cov kev cai huv huv rau kev tiv thaiv cov dej saum npoo av" tau txais kev pom zoo rau 01.01.2001. Lawv ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txuag cov peev txheej, uas yog, lawv tsis tso cai tawm yog tias nws tuaj yeem rov siv cov dej nrog kev ua kom huv ua ntej.

Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog MPCs tshwj xeeb rau cov pa phem, ces SanPiN rau cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam tsis siv tau ntawm no. Rau cov xwm txheej zoo li no, Tsab Cai ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws No. 644 tau pom zoo rau Lub Xya Hli 29, 2013, uas tau teev cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov kav dej phwj tuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau tsim ib daim ntawv teev cov khoom txwv tsis pub tawm, nrog rau MPCs rau cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam kom tawm mus rau hauv cov kav dej. Yog hais tias peb tab tom tham txog cov khoom siv dav dav thiab cov kav dej phwj hauv tsev, ces qhov concentration ntawm qee cov pa phem yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj cov cim hauv qab no (mg / dm 3):

• suspended solids ≦ 300;
• sulfides ≦ 1, 5;
• sulphates ≦ 1000;
• chlorides ≦ 1000;
• tag nrho phosphorus ≦ 12;
• tag nrho nitrogen ≦ 50;
• khoom siv roj av ≦ 10;
• chloramines thiab chlorine ≦ 5;
• phenols (tag nrho) ≦ 5;
• hlau thiab txhuas ≦ 5;
• zinc, tooj, manganese ≦ 1;
• hexavalent chromium ≦ 0.05;
• lead, npib tsib xee ≦ 0.25;
• cadmium ≦ 0.015;
• arsenic ≦ 0.05;
• mercury ≦ 0, 005;
• STS (nonionic, anionic) ≦10;
• VOC ≦ 20;
• fas ≦ 50.

Hauv qhov no, qhov ntsuas dej khib nyiab yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj +40 ° C. Thaum nws los txog rau kev tso tawm mus rau hauv cov kav dej cua daj cua dub, MPCs rau qee yam khoom muaj kev nruj dua:

• sulphates ≦ 500;
• khoom siv roj av ≦ 8.

Txoj kev huv

Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob thiab thev naus laus zis yog qhov dav dav thiab hloov mus tas li kev qhuab qhia. Lub hauv paus ntawm txhua txoj kev ntxuav yog kev sib cais thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov kab mob mus rau hauv cov theem khoom thiab tsim cov dej huv. Muaj cov hauv qab no los ua qhov no:

• defending;
• mechanical filtration;
• lub cev thiab tshuaj (flotation, flocculation, coagulation, reagent kho);
• sorption;
• rov qab osmosis thiab ultrafiltration;
• tshuaj tua kab mob (UV, ozonation, chlorination).

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias txhua txoj kev no tsis yog siv cais, tab sis ua ke. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis classic suav nrog kev daws teeb meem, kho tshuab pom, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg txoj kev, sorption thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav piav qhia luv luv hauv qab no.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb thiab thawj theem ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab yog kev daws teeb meem (kev qhia meej). Nyob rau theem no, cov khoom siv hu ua settling tanks yog siv. Lawv yog cov pob zeb uas muaj zog (qee zaum fiberglass) tank, nrog me ntsis nqes hav rau hauv qab ntawm lub qhov. Nyob rau theem no, dejkev hais lus (nyob twj ywm hauv lub pas dej) tsawg kawg 3 hnub. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tag nrho cov undissolved impurities raug tso tawm: hnyav suspended solids nyob rau hauv qab thiab xaub mus rau hauv lub qhov, thaum roj cov khoom ntab mus rau sab saum toj thiab raug tshem tawm los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb ntaus ntawv (skimmer) los yog mechanical scraper.

Lub sijhawm ntxuav no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, vim tias txhua yam khoom siv ntxiv yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm yog tias ntxhib impurities (xuab zeb, xeb) nkag mus rau hauv nws thiab nyob rau hauv lub sump.

Physic-chemical method

Kev kho dej khib nyiab thev naus laus zis ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam ib txwm muab rau kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, uas cais cov tshuaj yaj hauv dej thiab hloov mus rau hauv daim ntawv tsis txaus. Nws feem ntau yog siv los ua physico-chemical txoj kev kho dej khib nyiab. Qhov no yog ua tiav hauv flotators thiab coagulators.

Ntxhais

Yuav cais cov tshuaj insoluble, huab cua npuas yog siv rau hauv cov khoom sib xyaw no. Floaters yog cov thawv ntim hauv cov dej ntim, thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov dej thiab cua yog pub los ntawm cov hauv qab no nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb bubbling. Huab cua npuas ntxiab cov kab mob vim lawv cov nplaum thiab nqa mus rau saum, ua npuas dej hu ua flotation sludge. Obviously, txoj kev no yog tsim rau lub teeb yaj impurities. Coagulants kuj tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau ntawm no, uas ua kom cov khoom ua kom muaj kuab paug, yog tias lawv tsawg heev. koob tshuaj reagents yog xaiv optimally,yog li ntawd lawv tsis txhob rhuav tshem huab cua.

Coagulators

Txhawm rau cais cov tshuaj insoluble, cov aggregates siv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm adhesion thiab coagulation, uas yog, adhesion thiab coarsening ntawm impurities. Lub coagulator (los yog electrocoagulator) yog ib lub thawv nrog coalescent partitions, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug coagulant-flocculant yog noj nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav coarsen impurities. Heavy hais ntawm cov kab mob nws thiaj li nyob rau hauv lub conical qab thiab raug tshem tawm. Reagents tsis ntxiv rau electrocoagulator, lawv qhov kev txiav txim yog hloov los ntawm txhuas lossis hlau electrodes.

Cov txheej txheem no muab cov txiaj ntsig tu siab tshaj plaws thiab siv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw kho dej khib nyiab.

Kev lim

Txoj kev ntxuav no yog siv los cuab cov khoom seem hauv dej. Lim yog conditionally muab faib ua ob hom: mechanical thiab sorption.

Mechanical filter yog ib lub thawv ntim nrog gravel lossis lim ntaub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj ib tug neeg kho tshuab ntxuav ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub pores ntawm cov khoom. Lub sijhawm no, dej ntws los ntawm lub qhov hws thiab ua kom huv.

Cov lim dej sorption tau ntim nrog cov pa roj carbon activated, silica gel, shungite thiab lwm yam sorbent uas zoo li nqus cov impurities. Qhov kev thauj khoom no yog hloov tag nrho lossis ntxuav thiab siv dua.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb

Txoj kev ntxuav no yog nruab rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm txhua daim ntawv ntws. Kev tua kab mob yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov teeb ci ultraviolet,hypochlorite lossis ozone unit. Hom kev kho no yog tsim nyog los tshem tawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob nyob hauv cov dej khib nyiab.

Kev ntxuav "thaum pib ntawm cov yeeb nkab"

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ecology yog kev tiv thaiv thiab hais tias yog tias muaj kuab paug tuaj yeem tiv thaiv, kev sib tsoo tuaj yeem tiv thaiv, thiab cov peev txheej tau rov qab siv dua, ces tus neeg siv khoom yuav tsum ua qhov no. Kev tu "thaum pib ntawm cov yeeb nkab" hais txog cov dej khib nyiab suav nrog cov txheej txheem hauv qab no:

• ncig thiab kaw cov dej xa dej nrog rov siv dej rau tsev neeg xav tau;
• muab tso ua ke ntawm cov dej sib npaug thiab dej hneev taw, qhia cov dej tawm tshwj xeeb, txhawm rau txo lawv kom ntau li ntau tau;
• kawm kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kho dej khib nyiab;
• txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev lag luam kom txo qis kev siv dej.

Hnub no qhov teeb meem ntawm kev muab cov pej xeem muaj dej huv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai ntawm ntau lub teb chaws. Dej yog lub hauv paus ntawm txoj sia.