Igneous pob zeb: daim ntawv teev, txoj kev tsuas, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Igneous (igneous) pob zeb tshuav lawv qhov tsim los rau magma, tom qab nws tawg los ntawm lub plab hnyuv hauv ntiaj teb, txias thiab khov. Lawv sawv cev rau lub ntiaj teb crust los ntawm 90 feem pua lossis ntau dua. Thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb saum npoo yog sedimentary thiab igneous pob zeb. Lawv ntev yuav luag 15 km tob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb.

Basic igneous rocks, formation conditions

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tectonic, qee qhov ntawm cov liab-kub magma tawg mus rau hauv cov txheej txheej saum ntiaj teb.

Yog tias nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem txias erupting lawv tsis muaj sij hawm mus crystallize, ces cov pob zeb no sawv cev rau ib tug tsis-crystallized tag nrho cov qauv. Qhov no feem ntau yog pumice lossis obsidian.

Igneous (igneous pob zeb) feem ntau muab faib ua detrital thiab loj. Tus qub yog tsim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj tom kawg.

Raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim cov pob zeb tsis pom kev, qhov tob ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim, lawv muab faib ua ntxhib-grained, nruab nrab-grained,zoo-grained thiab micro-grained.

Vim cov pob zeb no los ntawm magma nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev ua kom txias thiab khov, lawv feem ntau muab faib ua effusive (outflow) thiab intrusive (dub) sawv daws yuav.

pob zeb loj heev

Lawv tau tsim vim qhov tseeb tias kub magma maj mam txias ntawm qhov tob tob hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kub ntxhov. Qhov no ua rau kom tiav crystallization ntawm cov pob zeb tawg. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm granites, syenites, gabbro thiab diorites. Cov no cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus tau txawv los ntawm kev ceev tseem ceeb, lawv muaj cov qauv sib xyaw-cov nyom.

Granite

Granite yog lub pob zeb nto moo tshaj plaws hauv qhov tob tob. Nws feem ntau muaj quartz, mica, feldspar. Qee zaum, mica yog hloov los ntawm tsaus, ferruginous, magnesian minerals.

Cov xim ntawm granite yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm nws cov khoom tseem ceeb - feldspar thiab cov ntxhia hauv cov xim tsaus nti. tuaj yeem ua rau liab, grey, thiab ntau dua.

Granite nplej muaj qib siab ntawm adhesion. Yog li ntawd, nws so mus raws cov nplej ntawm cov zaub mov. Lub zog siab, tiv taus huab cua thiab huab cua sib txawv ntawm granite raws li cov khoom siv nrog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb hauv tsev. Nws yog dav siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom. Ntawm lawv yog ntsib slabs, flights ntawm stairs, curbstones, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug derivative ntawm crushed pob zeb ntawm ntau yam feem. Pom kuv sivgranite hauv kev tsim kho cov qauv hydraulic, nrog rau hauv monuments thiab monuments.

Nws lub cev muaj zog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev muaj zog cuam tshuam rau nws cov kav ntev. Nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau tshaj ib thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo.

Syenite

Lub pob zeb tsis pom kev no yog tsim los ntawm feldspar (orthoclase) ua ke nrog lwm cov khoom siv xim tsaus. Hauv nws cov qauv, syenite zoo ib yam li granite. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog softer hauv kev ua. Nws yog polished zoo dua, vim nws muaj viscosity siab. Siv syenite hauv tib thaj chaw li granite. Nruab nrab ntawm granite thiab syenite kuj tseem muaj cov qauv nruab nrab hu ua granisyenite.

Diorite

Pob zeb diorite yog me ntsis denser dua granite. Feem ntau pleev xim rau hauv ntxoov ntsuab. Cov khoom no yog siv zog heev hauv kev ua. Nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj, zoo kawg nkaus polished, xyaum tsis huab cua. Cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog kev tsim kho, cladding panels.

Gabbro

Nws yog pob zeb crystalline igneous, uas muaj cov plagioclase thiab cov xim tsaus nti. Qee zaum biotite thiab hornblende suav nrog hauv cov qauv gabbro. Cov xim ntawm cov ntxhia no yog grey, ntsuab rau dub. Labradorite kuj belongs rau gabbro pob zeb.

Gabbro muaj qhov ceev heev. Resistant rau huab cua, nyuaj rau txheej txheem, tab sis khaws polishing rau lub sijhawm ntev. Cov khoom siv no tsuas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv hydraulic, hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb crushed, nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag slabs.

Labradorite, uasyog cov khoom siv zoo nkauj heev, ua tsaug rau nws cov xim nws tau siv dav hauv kev ua haujlwm.

pob zeb tawm

Cov pob zeb tsis muaj hluav taws kub uas tau los rau saum npoo av, zoo li qhov tob tob, muaj tib lub cev thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj cov qauv zoo nkauj crystalline thiab glassy. Lawv raug tsim vim tso tawm ntawm magma rau saum npoo nrog nws tom qab solidification. Cov pob zeb no suav nrog quartz porphyry, trachyte, diabase, bas alt.

Quartz Porphyry

Yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm granite. Nws cov qauv yog glassy, nws muaj inclusions ntawm loj quartz nplej. Weathered, lawv poob tawm ntawm nws hom. Feem ntau cov khoom siv no yog siv los ua pob zeb los yog pob zeb.

Trachit

Raws li nws cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab mineralogical muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub pob zeb no zoo ib yam li porphyry. Nws tau tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv ntau tom qab geological lub sij hawm. Cov ntxhia yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov porosity siab thiab tsis muaj zog yam ntxwv.

Diabase

Qhov tseeb yog qhov analogue ntawm gabbro. Cov khoom siv ruaj khov heev. Nws cov xim ib txwm yog grey tsaus. Zoo meej polished. Nws yog tsuas yog siv los ua cov khoom pib rau kev tsim cov pob zeb crushed. Pob zeb, pob zeb, paving pob zeb yog tsim los ntawm diabase. Nws kuj yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntsej muag. Raws li txoj cai ntawm diabase (1200-1300 degrees Celsius), ntau yam khoom yog nchuav los ntawm nws. Cov khoom no (fused diabase) yog resistant rau acids thiab alkalis. Nws muaj dielectric siabkhoom.

Bas alt

Hais txog nws cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv tsis zoo, nws yog qhov ua tiav ntawm gabbro. Cov xim ntxoov ntxoo ntawm bas alt yog tsaus. Nws muaj ib tug me me ntawm volcanic iav nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ib tug heev ntom ntxhia. Vim lawv lub zog siab thiab hardness, bas alt pob zeb yog siv los ua cov khoom siv paving. Nws pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv pob zeb casting.

Clastic pob zeb

Lawv yog tsim los ntawm kev tso cov khib nyiab los ntawm cov pob zeb tsis pom kev. Lawv muaj cov qauv granular nrog lub xub ntiag ntawm cov nplej ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Lawv muab faib ua cov pob zeb xoob, uas suav nrog volcanic tshauv, pumice, thiab cemented (sawv cev los ntawm volcanic tuff).

Pumicestone

Tsim thaum magma txias, thaum muaj cov pa tawm sai thiab khaus los ntawm nws, uas nyob rau tib lub sijhawm swells. Cov txheej txheem no ua rau tsim cov pob zeb porous vitreous. Pumice muaj ntau yam xim, feem ntau yog grey, dub lossis dawb qauv. Pob zeb yog 70% silica thiab 15% alumina.

Feem ntau nws tsim cov feem ntawm 5 mus rau 50 mm inch. Qhov ntom ntawm pumice yog tsawg, thiab qhov porosity ncav cuag 80% ntawm qhov ntim. Cov tsiaj no tau pom daim ntawv thov ua pob zeb crushed los tsim cov pob zeb ntawm lub teeb feem, ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Volcanic tshauv

Qhov no yog grey, dub hmoov. Siv raws li cov khoom xyawCov qauv rau cov cement mortars lossis cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus, raws li cov ntxhia sib xyaw ua ke rau binder mortars.

Volcanic tuffs

Tsim thaum cov kua lava solidifies thaum xuab zeb thiab tshauv ntxiv rau nws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua kom txias sai, cov qauv vitreous tau txais. Cov xim feem ntau yog paj yeeb nrog ntshav hues.

Siv volcanic tuff li xuab zeb thiab gravel rau cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus. Nws yog siv los ua phab ntsa thaiv, active additives rau cement.

Muab rau hauv tus account lub fact tias tuff yog endowed nrog zoo Frost tsis kam thiab kuj muaj zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, nws yog siv raws li ib tug tig khoom rau lub tsev facades.

Txoj kev mining

Igneous pob zeb hauv kev tsim kho tau dav siv. Lub extraction ntawm tej yam ntuj tso pob zeb yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim (deposits). Nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej sib txawv, txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no:

• drilling and blasting;
• buroclinic;
• pob zeb-txiav.

Txoj kev drilling thiab blasting yog ib ntu ntawm kev ua ub no, suav nrog qhov drilling qhov ntawm lub ntsej muag, tso cov nqi hauv lawv, ua raws li kev tawg. Yog li ntawd, lub pob zeb tau tawg los ntawm qhov loj. Feem ntau siv rau cov pob zeb uas tsis muaj zog.

Nrog txoj kev hlais, lub pob zeb tau ua tiav nyob ib puag ncig nrog pneumatic perforators. Hydraulic los yog mechanical wedges yog nkag mus rau hauv cov tsim recesses, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov pob zeb yog phua raws ib tug muab lub dav hlau. Siv taufeem ntau yog cuam tshuam nrog cov pob zeb txheej thiab cov kab nrib pleb.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txoj kev txiav pob zeb, tshwj xeeb zeb-txiav tshuab nrog carbide saw hniav yog siv. Siv los ua haujlwm nrog cov pob zeb mos.