Ceramics yog Kev tsim cov ceramics. Artistic ceramics

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, muaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv uas tau nrog tib neeg yuav luag txij thaum pib ntawm kev vam meej. Ntoo yog thawj yam uas los rau hauv siab, tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab txog ceramics - ci av nplaum, uas tau siv los ua tais diav txij thaum immemorial.

Cov khoom siv no muaj qhov zoo txaus: ceramic yog ruaj khov, tiv taus tshuaj lom neeg thiab kub kub cuam tshuam, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb tag nrho, thiab txhua yam nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim nrog nws cov tsos. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pobzeb raug rho tawm haujlwm tsis rot lossis ua pwm, ua rau lawv haum rau ntau hom kev siv tshuab thiab chav dej.

Feem ntau, ceramics yog cov tais diav lossis lwm yam ua los ntawm av nplaum (nrog lossis tsis muaj cov ntxhia ntxiv), tau los ntawm molding thiab tom qab kub kub kub. Ua kom cov khoom zoo li no zoo nkauj dua, lawv yog glazed.

Cov khoom siv twg tuaj yeem siv hauv kev tsim khoom?

Peb twb tau hais tias cov av nplaum feem ntau yog siv rau lub hom phiaj no, tab sis muaj kev zam. Yog li ntawdceramics tuaj yeem mus rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:

• Plastic puag. Qhov no tsuas yog tib av nplaum los yog kaolin (ib pob zeb uas muaj kaolinite).
• Cov khoom siv uas txo qis qis thaum tua hluav taws, pab kom cov khoom zoo. High-zoo quartz xuab zeb, substandard porcelain (sib ntaus), fireclay yog siv.
• Pob zeb uas muab cov iav ntom ntom thaum lub sijhawm sintering. Zoo tagnrho feldspar, pegmatite.
• Nkauj. Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv raw, nrog rau ntau cov analogues tau los ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis.

Kev faib tawm

Yog li peb kawm tias ceramics yog cov av nplaum tshwj xeeb. Raws li yam tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab cov neeg siv khoom zoo ntawm cov khoom, lawv paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ceramics, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev dai lossis molding lawv.

Qhov txawv ntawm cov ceramics zoo (zoo granularity ntawm kev tawg ntawm shard) thiab ntxhib ceramics (coarse granularity). Ntawm cov zoo ntau yam, txhua leej txhua tus paub nrog porcelain, semi-porcelain, nrog rau faience, vuas los ntawm uas muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua chav dej. Raws li, ntxhib ceramics (koj yuav pom ib daim duab hauv kab lus) yog cov lauj kaub tais diav. Cov khoom no tsis muaj ntau ntawm peb, tab sis paub los ntawm qhov tob tshaj plaws thaum ub.

Cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov ceramics

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) yog nyias, ntom thiab dawb nplua-grained shard. Cov khoom nqus dej noo tsis zoo (txog 0.2%). Muaj nuj nqis vases lossis khob (nyias heev) tuaj yeem pom ntawm lub teeb. Cov npoo ntawm sab (feem ntau yog hauv qab) tsis npog nrog glaze vim yog siv tshuab hluav taws xob. Rauntau lawm mas siv kaolin thiab feldspar.

Ib nrab plooj (porcelain) yog ib qho kev xaiv nruab nrab ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) uas tau piav saum toj no thiab faience. Me ntsis coarser, dej nqus los ntawm 3 mus rau 5%, feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tsim cov tais diav hauv tsev.

Raws li rau lub faience nws tus kheej, nws txawv los ntawm ib tug tuab ntxeem tau shard, uas muaj ib tug me ntsis yellowish tint thaum tawg. Lub peev xwm nqus dej yog siab, hauv 9-12%. Nws yog vim qhov no, thiab tseem yog vim qhov porosity siab, uas txhua yam ceramics ntawm hom no yuav tsum tau them nrog txheej nyias nyias.

Txij li cov glazing siv tsis ruaj tsis khov rau thermal influences, hom ceramics no tsuas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tais diav pheej yig rau kev siv txhua hnub, nrog rau cov thawv hauv tsev. Rau kev hnav khaub ncaws, lawv tsis siv ntau hom av nplaum, chalk thiab quartz xuab zeb. Lub tshuab ceramic ntawm qib no kuj tso cai rau kev siv (raws li lub hauv paus) ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) tawg. Tau kawg, ua ntej pib tsim khoom, nws yog crushed thiab finely hauv av.

Majolica yog ib qho zoo nkauj sab nrauv ceramics. Tus nqi rau nws yog hais txog ib txhiab rubles rau nruab nrab vase. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog qhov ntxeem tau zoo heev uas tuaj yeem nqus tau li 15% noo noo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom lag luam yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov ci ci ntsa iab, muaj cov phab ntsa me me. Qhov tom kawg yog vim qhov tseeb tias majolica yog tsim los ntawm kev siv tshuab casting. Raws li txoj cai, cov khoom yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog glazing, thiab hniav bas-reliefs feem ntau pom. Nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm no ntau yamCeramics, dawb-kub av nplaum, quartz xuab zeb, chalk thiab plavni yog siv.

Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Ceramics (daim duab uas yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm). Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim liab-xim av (liab-kub av nplaum) thiab qhov porosity loj heev. Moisture absorption coefficient - mus txog 18%. Rau cov xim, cov xim av nplaum tshwj xeeb, engobes, yog siv. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev ya raws, cov khoom tau npog nrog ib txheej nyias ntawm cov xim tsis muaj xim rau saum. Raws li rau qhov kev siv, qhov ntau yog sawv cev tsis yog los ntawm cov lauj kaub zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo heev rau tsev neeg.

Ntxiv rau, cov ceramics sov yog nyob rau tib qeb. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cib ua los ntawm roughly raug rho tawm av nplaum. Hauv kev tsim cov ceramics zoo li no, tshwj xeeb foaming agents raug siv, uas ua rau kom cov porosity ntawm cov khoom, thiab yog li ntawd nws cov thermal rwb thaiv tsev zoo ua tau zoo dua.

txheej txheem tsim khoom li cas?

Kev tsim cov ceramics nws tus kheej tau yooj yim muab faib ua ob peb theem:

• Kev rho tawm thiab cuam tshuam txog kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv raw.
• Saping, decorating or make functional qhov.
• Casting, semi-dry stamping.
• Editing, thawj ziab.
• High kub kho.
• Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
• rov tawm dua.
• Kho kom zoo nkauj (sov ceramics thiab analogues tsis xav tau).

Cov ntsuas zoo ntawm cov khoom tiav yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov yam ntxwvtsos, tag nrho ua raws li lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntev.

Tshaj tawm tshuab

Peb tau tham txog cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom, yog li tam sim no cia peb tham txog txhua qhov sib cais. Txhawm rau npaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thawj zaug, kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis hauv qab no tau ua: cov khoom siv raw yog huv huv ntawm cov ntxhia pob zeb thiab cov organic impurities, crushed thiab hauv av. Tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev sib tov thiab ntxiv ntau yam additives.

khoom molding

Kev tsim yog ua los ntawm cov kua lossis cov yas ceramics. Yas molding muaj ntau qhov zoo. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub fact tias koj yuav ua tau cov khoom ntawm yuav luag txhua yam duab thiab loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm tias qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis tshaj plaws tuaj yeem hloov kho rau lawv cov khoom siv.

Raws li kev casting, ib pawg nrog cov dej noo ntawm 34-36% yog siv rau qhov no. Pouring yog ua nyob rau hauv plaster pwm. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic tiag tiag, cov duab ntawm lub cev tsis tso cai rau kev siv lwm txoj kev molding. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no yog ua li cas cov vuas. Ceramics rau nws tsis yog tsim los ntawm cov qib zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov av nplaum (hauv qab qhov yuav tsum tau ua), tab sis cov tuab ntawm cov khoom tiav yuav tsum sib xws li qhov ua tau.

Casting tuaj yeem yog phau ntawv lossis tag nrho automated. Tom qab thawj zaug ziab, cov khoom raug muab tshem tawm ntawm cov pwm, tom qab uas muaj ntau yam khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv yog glued, rau qhov txuas uas nws tau siv.kua nplaum tshwj xeeb. Yav dhau los, av nplaum tau siv rau lub hom phiaj no, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog heev.

Kev ziab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txij li ob qho tib si lub zog ntawm cov khoom thiab nws cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj nyob ntawm qhov raug ntawm nws qhov kev siv. Ntawm chav kawm, qhov tseeb tis ntawm glaze kuj tseem ceeb heev, nyob rau hauv uas qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom rau dej, raws li zoo raws li cov tshuaj, nyob ntawm seb. Kev ziab yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev tsim cov ceramics. Rau nws, conveyor, hluav taws xob thiab chamber dryers yog siv. Qhov kub ntawm cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tsis txhob siab tshaj 70-90 ° C.

Qhov tsuas yog kev zam yog cov vuas. Cov ceramic nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog tuab heev, yog li nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub nws muaj peev xwm siv lub siab kub hom rau ib lub sij hawm luv luv.

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thev naus laus zis yog kev tua cov ceramics. Lub hom phiaj yog los tsim ib lub crock nrog precisely teev lub cev thiab tshuaj zog, kho cov xim muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab glaze rau saum npoo. Kev tua hluav taws yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias nyob rau hauv nws cov chav kawm muaj ntau lub cev thiab tshuaj txheej txheem, uas predetermine lub ntsiab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom zoo ntawm cov khoom. Feem ntau kev tua hluav taws yog nqa tawm hauv ob theem, tab sis yog tias cov xim tau siv rau saum npoo ntawm glaze, qhov hu ua muffle firing (them peb) yog nqa tawm.

Thawj theem yog ua tiav ntawm qhov kub ntawm 900 txog 1250 ° C (nyob ntawm hom thiab qib ntawm ceramics). Qhov thib ob theem yuav tsum muaj qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 1020 txog 1410 ° C. Tus nqi kawgsiv tshwj xeeb rau cov plooj (porcelain). Lwm cov ceramics tsis tshua raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv hom no, vim tias kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg yog siab. Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog cov av nplaum liab nruab nrab, ces cov khoom ua los ntawm nws feem ntau "hlawv" ib zaug, ntawm qhov kub tsis siab tshaj 960-1020 degrees Celsius.

Ob hom kiln rau ceramics tuaj yeem siv rau kev tua hluav taws: ntu ntu (forges) thiab txuas mus ntxiv. Muaj ntau ntau yam tom kawg, tab sis qhov qhov thiab cov menyuam yaus yog qhov ntau tshaj.

Txog ntau yam tsis xws luag

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic yog tias nyob rau ntau theem ntawm kev tsim khoom, ntau qhov ntau yam tsis xws luag yuav tshwm sim. Muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov shard, glaze los yog cov hniav txheej. Raws li qhov tsis xws luag hauv shard, lawv feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau theem ntawm thawj molding thiab pib ziab.

Ib feem ntawm kev tsim khoom tsis raug tshwm sim yuav luag tam sim ntawd, thiab stains lossis qee yam zoo li tshwm sim tom qab tua. Vim yog "capriciousness" ntawm cov khoom kawg, nws yog ib qho yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis tswj kev huv ntawm tag nrho cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev tsim khoom.

Kev piav qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim

Glaze yog cov yaj tshwj xeeb uas siv rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom tiav. Lawv thickness yog 0.12-0.40 hli. Lub hom phiaj ntawm glazes yog ntau haiv neeg. Firstly, saum npoo ntawm cov nplais lossis cov tais diav yog them nrog cov txheej ua kom zoo nkauj, uas tsis yog ua rau muaj cov tsos qab ntxiag, tab sis kuj tseem nce ntxivmechanical zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, txheej txheej muab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev.

Kho kom zoo nkauj yog hais txog kev siv cov xim zoo nkauj lossis cov qauv. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm industrial ntau lawm curly stamps yog siv, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov loj ntau lawm ntawm tib yam khoom. Lub thwj rau cov menyuam yog siv los siv cov qauv rau cov npoo ntawm lub lauj kaub. Raws li, cov haujlwm kawg yog txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag, txhuam ob txhais ceg thiab ntug.

Qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog glazes thiab xim

Glazes muab faib ua pob tshab thiab opaque ntau yam, lawv muaj xim thiab tsis muaj xim. Ceramic xim yog siv los kho kom zoo nkauj yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv av nplaum. Lawv ua raws li cov hlau los yog lawv cov oxides. Thaum rhuab, lawv tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov uas tsis yog tsuas yog zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj ruaj khov heev. Xws li ceramics, tshuaj xyuas uas ib txwm zoo heev, tau ntev ua ib qho khoom dai hauv ntau lub tsev nplua nuj.

Cov xim raug faib raws li txoj kev uas lawv tau thov: nyob rau ntawm txheej glaze, lossis hauv qab nws. Raws li koj tuaj yeem nkag siab, tom kawg, cov xim muaj pes tsawg leeg yog siv ncaj qha mus rau shard. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws yog them nrog ib txheej ntawm glaze, thiab cov khoom raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv ib lub kiln. Yog hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg yog thov ncaj qha mus rau lub glaze txheej, nws yog tsau nrog ib tug kub ntawm 600-850 ° C.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pabcuam, lawv tau siv los ua pwm rau kev tua thiab casting.

Txoj kevhais txog kev ua pwm

Yuav kom ua kom muaj zog txaus thiab zoo pwm, molding plaster yog siv. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov hmoov ntawm calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Lub peculiarity ntawm xws li gypsum yog tias thaum tov nrog dej, nws yuav tsum tig mus rau hauv ib tug haum yas thiab elastic mov paj. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum tau teeb tsa hauv cov ntsiab lus meej, uas tau lees tias qhov kev tua hluav taws zoo tiag tiag. Yog tias vim qee yam tsis muaj gypsum, carborundum refractory fireclay tuaj yeem siv. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv refractory tuaj yeem siv.

Tsuas yog lub lauj kaub tais diav. Qhov no yog cov khoom siv uas tsis muaj qhov tsis tuaj yeem xav txog tej chav ua noj lossis chav dej. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau yam ntawm nws, cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ua cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj rau txhua lub tsev.

Hauv qab "kev kos duab" yog hais txog cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb los yog stucco. Tau kawg, tsis muaj lwm qhov sib txawv los ntawm cov ceramics zoo tib yam, tab sis muaj ntau yam subtleties hauv kev tsim tshuab. Peb yuav tham txog lawv tam sim no.

pib npaj cov khoom siv

Raws li koj nkag siab, kos duab ceramics tsis txawv ntau ntawm lawv cov "tsev neeg" counterparts, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws cov chaw tsim khoom nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xav tau ntau dua hauv kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw. Txhua yam yog tib yam li hauv cov ntaub ntawv dhau los, tab sis txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, tsuas yog muab faib ua cov kaolin (particle txoj kab uas hla tsawg dua 2 µm) yuav tsum tau siv.

Nws muab dab tsi? Txoj hauv kev no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tau txais ntau qhov ductilehuab hwm coj, thiab tsawg kawg yog ob npaug ntawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom qhuav. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsuas yog cov xuab zeb zoo quartz yuav tsum tau noj, vim nws txo qis cov sedimentation ntawm cov khoom tiav, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev kos duab ceramics.

Raws li peb tau hais hauv thawj ntu ntawm tsab xov xwm, kev ziab yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Yog hais tias peb tham txog artistic ceramics, ces cov lus no yuav txawm ntau cuam tshuam. Koj yuav tsum paub tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm shrinkage thaum lub sij hawm firing ntawm nyias cov khoom ua tsis sib xws, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj, mus txog kev puas tsuaj rau tag nrho cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau xaiv txoj cai cua sov hom kom cov artistic ceramics tsis tig mus rau hauv ib pawg ntawm shards.

Yog tias cov khoom tiaj tus, ces nws tau qhia kom qhuav lawv tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntawv. Ua ntej, lawv tau qhuav me ntsis kom txog rau thaum yav tom ntej ceramics tau txais qhov xav tau ceev, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm thiab ziab kom qhuav rau cov dej noo ntawm 1-2.5%.

Txhawm rau ua tiav cov txheej txheem no hauv ntau, tshwj xeeb cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws siv. Hauv qhov tshwj xeeb nyuaj, ziab yog nqa tawm hauv cov khoom siv uas ua haujlwm raws sijhawm. Qhov no yog ua kom nyias cov ceramics tsis qhuav tawm thiab tawg. Lub sij hawm ziab yog li ntawm 30 feeb mus rau peb teev.

Yog li koj tau kawm tias ceramics yog dab tsi. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom qub tshaj plaws uas tau tsim los ntawm noob neej. Txawm hais tias nws qhov qub txeeg qub teg, ceramics yog qhov xav tau zoo rau niaj hnub no.