Project 1144 heavy nuclear missile cruiser "Kirov" (duab)

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov nkoj loj hauv dej hiav txwv, lub luag haujlwm uas yuav siv los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear, nrhiav cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tsim qauv yuav luag txij li lub sijhawm thawj qhov kev sim hauv thaj tsam ntawm atom splitting tshwm sim. Tau kawg, cov tub rog npau suav ntawm qhov no feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov: ib qho kev txwv tsis pub muaj thiab lub sijhawm taug kev loj loj - dab tsi ntxiv rau kev zoo siab? Feem ntau, qhov no yog li cas lub Kirov cruiser tshwm nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Yam yuav tsum tau muaj rau kev tsim

Nyob rau xyoo 1961, US Navy tau txais qhov xav tsis thoob ntxiv - lub nkoj muaj zog nuclear Long Beach. Qhov no yuam cov kws tshawb fawb los pib tshawb fawb nrawm hauv kev tsim cov nkoj hauv teb chaws nuclear-powered ships. Lawm, xws li kev ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem pib tam sim ntawd, thiab yog li qhov project tau pib tsuas yog xyoo 1964. Lub sijhawm no, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv theoretical tsim nyog tau txais. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tsim los ua kom yooj yim - tsim lub nkoj loj hauv hiav txwv mus rau thawj qib, muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tau ntev los ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej thiab ua ib feem ntawm pawg loj, txhawb nqa thiab npog lawv.

Tau kawg, "yooj yim" tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv, yog liyuav ua li cas cov engineers tam sim ntawd tau ntsib ntau yam teeb meem. Yog li nws yog lub nkoj nkoj "Kirov" uas tuaj yeem raug suav tias yog lub kaus mom tiag tiag ntawm kev ua tub rog xav txog lub sijhawm ntawd. 1144 (qhov project) muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb lub peev xwm tiag tiag ntawm USSR. Cov nkoj ntawm cov chav kawm no tseem muaj kev hwm nyob rau sab hnub poob.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv

Thaum pib, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim lub nkoj loj los tiv thaiv submarine, kev hloov pauv uas yuav tsis pub tshaj yim txhiab tons. B. Kupensky, uas yav tas los ua tiav tau tsim ntau lub nkoj tiv thaiv submarine (xws li Komsomolets Ukrainy), tam sim ntawd raug xaiv los ua tus saib xyuas tseem ceeb ntawm qhov project. Los ntawm Navy, tus thawj coj ntawm qib thib ob A. Savin tau raug xaiv los ua tus saib xyuas.

Kev nyuaj thiab kov yeej lawv

Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Navy S. Gorshkov tam sim ntawd poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog txoj haujlwm no thiab niaj hnub nug txog kev nce qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws. Tab sis kev tsim lub nkoj tshwj xeeb tau siv sijhawm ntev thiab nyuaj, vim tias cov neeg tsim qauv yuav tsum daws ntau yam teeb meem ntawm kev mus. Tshwj xeeb, yuav luag los ntawm thawj lub hlis ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws tau pom tseeb tias qhov kev hloov pauv yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv, txij li lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob bypass tsuas yog tsis haum rau hauv cov qauv tsim qauv tsim. Yog hais tias cov engineers tau muab qhov kev mus tom ntej rau qhov project no, ces Kirov nuclear cruiser yuav loj dua peb zaug tam sim no, thiab lub nkoj twb loj dua!

Vim li ntawd, qhov project tau loj hlob mus rau qhov loj me me, tsis muaj qhov chaw rau cov cuaj luaj thiab lwm yam riam phom.tseem nyob. Qhov kev daws teeb meem yog qhov tseeb, tab sis nyuaj: los tsim ib qho kev teeb tsa tshiab tshwj xeeb tsim rau kev ua rog ntev. Cov teeb meem tau ntxiv los ntawm Gorshkov qhov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb rau qhov yuav tsum muaj ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob khiav ntawm diesel lossis lwm yam roj fossil. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus tau pom zoo nrog qhov no tam sim ntawd thiab sib koom ua ke: Kirov 1144 cruiser tsis yog lub nkoj txaus siab, peb ib txwm muaj teeb meem nrog lub hauv paus ntawm cov nkoj no (tom qab tag nrho, qhov no tsis yog Asmeskas nrog nws cov colossal reserves ntawm ntug hiav txwv yooj yim), thiab kev paub ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm xws li installation yog me me.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb

Txij thaum pib, nws tau pom meej tias lub nkoj "Kirov" yuav tuaj yeem ua tau txhua yam haujlwm uas tau muab rau nws tsuas yog tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog raws li kev sib ntaus sib tua yooj yim. Cias muab, lub peev xwm los tawm tsam ntau hom kev ua phem rau txhua yam ua tau. Asmeskas kev vam meej hauv kev tsim aviation tam sim ntawd tau txais kev mloog rau lawv tus kheej: cov dav hlau no yeej yuav dhau los ua qhov kev hem thawj rau lub nkoj. Kuv yuav tsum tau qhia ntau yam riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau mus rau hauv kev tsim, uas yuav tso cai tsim kom muaj qhov sib sib zog nqus, txheej txheej tiv thaiv missile.

Txiv neej raws li nws yuav zoo li, tab sis cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv tsis tau suav nrog hauv qhov project tam sim ntawd. Qhov tseeb yog tias USSR tsuas yog tsis muaj kev paub txaus hauv lawv cov kev tsim thiab kev siv. Txawm tias cov nkoj uas peb muaj nyob rau xyoo ntawd tsis tau nqa riam phom loj ntawm cov chav kawm no, uas txo qis lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog Asmeskas. Thiab muaj tej yam nrogQhov xwm txheej nrog cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv nkoj tau zoo dua: lawv twb tau pib ua kom loj heev rau txhua lub nkoj tsim nyog. Yog li, nws tau pom tseeb tias yav tom ntej cruiser "Kirov" yuav tsum dhau los ua ntau lub luag haujlwm hnyav missile cruiser, TAKR.

Ua tiav kev tsim

Xyoo 1973, tus qauv tsim tiav, thiab xyoo tom ntej lub nkoj twb tau tso lawm. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub cruiser "Kirov" tau ua nws cov keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv 1992 nws tau renamed "Admiral Ushakov". Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, kev tsim kho tau qeeb thiab tsis sib xws, vim tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li qhov no tau tsim ua ntej. Xyoo 1977, nws tau pib, thiab ob xyoos ntxiv nws tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv "floating" hom. Tsuas yog xyoo 1980, nws dhau tag nrho cov kev xeem thiab tau hloov mus rau Northern Fleet. Xyoo 1984, kev tsim kho ntawm Frunze (Admiral Lazarev) tau ua tiav, plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd Kalinin (Admiral Nakhimov) tau tshwm sim. Zoo, "Yuri Andropov", aka "Peter the Great", tuaj yeem xa mus rau lub nkoj tsuas yog xyoo 1998.

Qhov txawv ntawm qhov project hauv tsev

Peb cov neeg caij nkoj ntawm chav kawm no hauv ntiaj teb yeej tsis muaj qhov sib piv: qhov ze tshaj plaws Asmeskas version, Virginia, yog 2.5 npaug me dua hauv kev hloov pauv. Lub "Long Beach" tau hais los saum toj no feem ntau tsawg dua ib thiab ib nrab zaug. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg caij nkoj no tau txais kev sib koom ua ke siab tshaj plaws nrog cov riam phom hauv av, uas tso cai rau kev ntxiv cov mos txwv ntawm yuav luag txhua lub hauv paus uas muaj kev tiv thaiv ntug hiav txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov nkoj thib ob thiab tom ntej, txij li thaumntawm Kirov, cov thev naus laus zis no tseem tsis tau sim txaus.

tsob nroj muaj zog

Tab sis lub ntsiab "qhov tseem ceeb" yog qhov tshwj xeeb nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Muaj ob ntawm lawv, hwj chim - 70,000 l / s. Lub cav yog powered los ntawm turbines, uas, ntawm ib tug standby fais fab nroj tsuag, tau txais lub zog los ntawm diesel nroj tsuag. Tag nrho ceev - mus txog 30 knots, nyob rau hauv standby engine - tsawg kawg yog 14. Cov engineers tswj kom txo qhov loj ntawm cov neeg coob coob los ntawm ib nrab (piv rau lub Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya battleship). Nws muaj 655 tus neeg. Ntawm no, 105 muaj ib tug tub ceev xwm qib, 130 yog midshipmen, tus so poob rau ntawm qeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Los ntawm txoj kev, hnyav cruiser "Kirov" (zoo li lwm lub nkoj ntawm no series) tseem yog ib qho chaw uas xav tau kev pab rau cov neeg tsav nkoj. Yog vim li cas qhov no yooj yim - kev nplij siab.

Lub nkoj muaj cov chav tsev zoo nkauj, ntau lub tsev ib leeg rau cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov neeg caij nkoj, thaj chaw dav thiab xis nyob rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Cov khoom siv ntawm lub chaw kho mob hauv zos tuaj yeem yog qhov khib ntawm lub tsev kho mob hauv nroog nruab nrab, thiab hauv lub gym koj tuaj yeem yooj yim tuav lub cev zoo heev vim muaj kev xaiv ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej tawm dag zog. Puas yog nws tsim nyog hais txog lub sauna saum toj kawg nkaus nrog lub pas dej da dej thiab ntau chav da dej? Tej zaum, txog thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov kev nplij siab ntawm chav kawm no tsuas yog muaj rau cov neeg caij nkoj thiab cov neeg caij nkoj nkoj xwb.

Missile riam phom thiab armor

Cov riam phom tseem ceeb yog Granit ntev-ntev missile system. Lawv yog cov autonomous kiag li, muaj ib tug complex mus kom ze rau lub hom phiaj, muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm qhov teeb meemcuam tshuam. Lub nkoj lub missile silos yog armored, yog li ntawd txawm nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ncaj qha nrog cov yeeb ncuab, txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lawv yog tsawg heev. Thiab ntxiv. Zoo li lwm lub nkoj ntawm Project 1144, hnyav nuclear cruiser "Kirov" yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev hnav ris tsho zoo.

Tsis yog, thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, nws tsis yog ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov qub, tab sis nrog thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm missile, cov nkoj ua rog poob lawv cov cuab yeej. Nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, Soviet engineers yuav tsis tshua tau rov qab mus rau lawv "keeb kwm", tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tshwj xeeb: ib tug nuclear cruiser, thiab txawm nrog ib tug Tshuag ntawm loj missile riam phom nyob rau hauv lub nkoj! Nws tsis tuaj yeem tso cai rau qee qhov banal tshuab lossis lwm yam cuam tshuam los cuam tshuam lub nkoj.

Vim qhov no, txoj siv phom tseem ceeb uas tiv thaiv lub nkoj los ntawm stern mus rau hneev yog 100 hli tuab. Missile silos, diesel roj reserves, lub reactor, ib qho chaw hais kom ua, lub nyoob hoom qav taub hangar yog cais tiv thaiv.

yam ntxwv ntawm lwm yam riam phom

Peb tau txiav txim siab kom tsis txhob nqa ntau dhau nrog kev tiv thaiv huab cua, tawm hauv cov txheej txheem pov thawj zoo. Lub ntsiab artillery armament yog ib tug khub ntawm 100-mm tsis siv neeg mounts nrog radar nrhiav tau ntawm tej lub hom phiaj. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov project 1144 cruiser "Kirov" yog thawj thiab kawg nkoj uas cov riam phom tau nruab. Tom qab nws, lawv pib mount 130-mm artillery twin automatic installations. Yim rau-thooj phom tsis siv neeg phom yog siv los ua kev tiv thaiv tus kheej.

Pib nrog Nakhimov, cov phom tiv thaiv tus kheej thiab cov foob pob hluav taws tau sib xyaw ua ke, ua rau lub nkoj tiv thaiv missile ntautxhim khu kev qha. Lub hom phiaj tseem raug kuaj pom los ntawm radar, tab sis tsis yog tsuas yog artillery, tab sis kuj tseem siv riam phom missile tsom rau nws. Peb tuaj yeem xav tias Kirov nuclear cruiser muaj ob-theem tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv, thaum nyob rau lwm lub nkoj ntawm koob nws muaj peb theem.

ASW riam phom

Lub polynomial multifunctional sonar system yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ntes cov yeeb ncuab submarines. Lub compartment rau nws towed sab nraud kav hlau txais xov yog mounted nyob rau hauv lub stern ntawm lub nkoj. Kuj tseem muaj lub torpedo launcher "Metel" (uas tau hloov los ntawm "Dej Dej tsaws tsag" ntawm lwm lub nkoj ntawm koob). Nco ntsoov tias Kirov missile cruiser yog rau qee qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog dua li nws cov xeeb ntxwv. Qhov no tau piav qhia yooj yim: txhua tus ntawm lawv (txoj kev xav) tsis koom nrog 1144 qhov project, tab sis mus rau 11441 series, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb thiab hloov kho cov cuab yeej tshiab thiab riam phom txoj cai thaum tsim kho. Ib zaug ntxiv, tsuas yog "Peter the Great" ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Cov nkoj tom ntej tau raug nruab nrog thoob ntiaj teb cov foob pob hluav taws thiab foob pob hluav taws, uas ua rau kom muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov nkoj no. Cov kev teeb tsa no tuaj yeem siv ob qho tib si rau kev tua foob pob hluav taws thiab torpedoes. Hmoov tsis zoo, Kirov cruiser (daim duab ntawm lub nkoj yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) tsis zoo tiv thaiv, tab sis nws yog deb ntawm defenseless tog twg los.

Lwm txoj kev los tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab submarines

Cov txheej txheem rau kev sib ntaus sib tua cov yeeb ncuab submarines yog ua tiav los ntawm RBU missile thiab foob pob hluav taws (RBU-6000, RBU-1200, RBU-12000"Boa"). Tsis zoo li cov riam phom yav dhau los, lawv tau tsim los tsis yog tawm tsam, tab sis kom tua cov yeeb ncuab torpedo salvos. Pib nrog tus thib peb cruiser ntawm koob, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuab no tau nce ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev txhim kho cov qauv tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv submarine riam phom rau lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub nkoj muaj ib lub nyoob hoom qav taub hangar, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tib lub sijhawm tuaj yeem nqa txog li peb lub nkoj tiv thaiv submarine helicopters.

Lub Kirov nuclear missile cruiser tuaj yeem nqa tau: Ka-27, Ka-27PS, Ka-31 thiab Ka-39. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lawv tuaj yeem siv tsis tau tsuas yog hauv kev tiv thaiv submarine xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev cawm thiab nrhiav kev xaiv, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv rau kev siv cov nkoj no. Rau lawv cov kev pab thiab kev saib xyuas, tsis yog tsuas yog armored helicopter hangar, tab sis kuj cais cov tso tsheb hlau luam nrog cov khoom siv roj thiab cov mos txwv depot. Qhov no ua rau kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub nyoob hoom qav taub.

Nyob hauv kaw

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tag nrho cov Project 1144 cruisers tseem tshuav tau nruab nrog cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub ua tsov rog, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub nkoj tau hloov nrog cov qauv tshiab uas txawv los ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab ntxiv. "Lub xeem" - vim hais tias lub Kirov nws tus kheej raug xa mus rau recycling nyob rau hauv 1999 … vim tsis muaj nyiaj txiag kho.

Yog li, lub nkoj nkoj nuclear "Project Kirov" 1144 suav nrog tag nrho cov kev ua tiav qib siab ntawm Soviet engineering. Tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias hom TARK no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chav kawm thiab tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hauv hiav txwv ntiaj teb.dej hiav txwv.