Muaj yog Qoob loo

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev lig kev cai ntawm kev ua millet porridge muaj nws keeb kwm yav dhau los tob. Cov nplej yog cov nplej qub tshaj plaws uas tuaj rau Russia los ntawm Tuam Tshoj lossis Mongolia. Cov noob nplej uas cog qoob loo yog millet.

thaj chaw ua haujlwm tseem ceeb

Txog hnub no, txog li 500 hom nplej tau paub. Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo yog ib txwm ua los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw uas muaj huab cua qhuav thiab ib nrab arid. Cov tebchaws Esxias (Tuam Tshoj, Mongolia, Is Nrias teb, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) suav txog ntau dua 55% ntawm ntiaj teb cov nplej ntau lawm. Rau cov tebchaws African (Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mali, Tanzania, Uganda, Senegal) - txog li 25%. Nyob rau hauv lub post-Soviet qhov chaw, millet yog tsuas yog cog nyob rau hauv lub steppe cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine thiab Kazakhstan raws li ib tug zaub mov grain, thiab nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Belarus - raws li ib tug pub grain.

millet hauv Russia

Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation muaj 8 hom nroj tsuag, thiab tsuas yog 2 ntawm lawv tau cog: hom nplej - Panicum muliaceum L. (grain) thiab capitate - Setaria italica L (ntsuab loj rau tsiaj txhu noj).

Nyob ntawm kev sau ntawm inflorescences, millet ntau hom muaj 5 subspecies: oval thiab lumpy (cultivated as heat-hlub thiab drought-resistant), sprawling thiab kis (tsawg dua.tshav kub-hlub, tuaj yeem loj hlob txawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsis yog-Dub) thiab compressed (drooping).

Setaria (Italian, upland millet) yog cog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Nws muaj 2 subspecies - chumizu thiab mogar.

Cov qoob loo tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplej ntau ntau yog nyob rau sab hnub poob Siberia, Bashkiria, hauv Central Black Earth Region, ntawm thaj av fertile ntawm North Caucasus. Cov cheeb tsam sown nrog cov millet thaum ntxov-ripening ntau yam yog tas li nce nyob rau hauv lub Non-Black Earth Region thiab Eastern Siberia.

Zoo yam ntxwv

Millet yog ib xyoos ib zaug, nws tus kheej pollinating, photophilous nroj tsuag. Zaub yog luv luv - los ntawm ob mus rau plaub lub hlis. Thaum cog rau hauv kab dav, nws tsim los ntawm xya lub stems, feem ntau bushiness yog 2-3 stems.

Cov qoob loo loj (rye, hom qoob mog, barley, oats) muaj nplooj nqaim ntawm qia tshaj li nplej. Inflorescences - panicles ntawm ntau hom: los ntawm kis mus rau lumpy.

Cov hauv paus tuaj yeem nkag mus rau qhov tob ntawm ib thiab ib nrab metres, tab sis qhov loj pub mis yog nyob rau hauv ib txheej txog li 40 centimeters.

Kev loj hlob tom qab germination qeeb (2-3 lub lis piam), vim li no cov nroj tsuag tsis tiv taus cov nroj tsuag sai sai. Millet yog cov nroj tsuag uas xav tau ntawm cov dej noo nyob rau hauv cov av txheej sab saud: qhov dej noo ntau dua, qhov nrawm ntawm cov hauv paus hniav nodal. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob tsis zoo chaw nyob ntawm cov qoob loo nrog tshuab thiab tawg ntawm cov hauv paus hniav tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Qhov kev siv ntawm tillering yog nyob ntawm cov dej noo cia, muaj cov as-ham, zoo siab sowing hnub (los ntawm Lub Tsib Hlis 15), qhov xav tau cov noob tob (5 cm), thiab tsawg kawg ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Agrotechnology

Millet ua haujlwm zoo rau kev nyab xeeb thaum lwm cov qoob loo (ob lub caij ntuj no thiab caij nplooj ntoo hlav) tsis tawg lossis tuag. Qhov no yog vim lub caij cog qoob loo lig - los ntawm nruab nrab lub Tsib Hlis mus rau Lub Rau Hli. Cov noob pib tawg ua ke tsuas yog thaum qhov kub txaus txaus - los ntawm 14 degrees, qhov kub zoo tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog los ntawm 18 degrees.

Millet yog cov nroj tsuag xav tau ntawm cov qauv av: qhov siab tshaj plaws tau muab sau tseg ntawm cov qauv chernozems thiab cov txiv ntseej av (txog 50 centners ib hectare). Cov av cog qoob loo nrog qhov nruab nrab thiab me ntsis alkaline cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog cov khoom txaus ntawm cov dej noo, tuaj yeem tsim cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws.

Vim qhov tseeb tias cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam ua rau cov qoob loo poob qis, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua tib zoo npaj cov av rau kev cog qoob loo: snow tuav, thaum ntxov pruning (thaum thawj cov nroj tsuag twb germinated), mus txog rau peb cultivation tom ntej. nrog kab mob siab heev.

Kom tau txais cov qoob loo ruaj khov nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, fertilization yog xav tau - calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen. Qhov no tsis tsim nyog yog hais tias tus predecessors ntawm millet yog qos yaj ywm los yog beets: av fertility tseem siab. Millet muab zoo yields tom qab lub caij ntuj no qoob loo. Hauv monoculture, nws tuag vim kab mob fungal.

Cov kab tsuag tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog thrips, grain midge, cicadas, qia borer.

Cov qoob loo ntawm cov nplej hauv Russia tawm ntau yam uas xav tau: los ntawm 8 mus rau 12 xees ib hectare, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, Chaganak Bersiev, paub thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws, nyob rau hauv 1941 tau txais ib tug qoob loo ntawm yuav luag 156 centners ib. hectare,thiab xyoo 1943 - 201.

Khoom noj muaj nqis

Qhov hnyav ntawm millet rau kev noj haus tau sawv qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm: millet hauv Russia nyob qib thib ob tom qab buckwheat.

Cov nplej ua tiav yog siv rau groats. Millet, tso tawm tsuas yog los ntawm lub plhaub paj ntxhib, hu ua dranet. Tom qab sib tsoo, millet yog tau. Crusher yog ib yam khoom los ntawm kev sib tsoo. Thiab newfangled flakes yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm thermal thiab mechanical processing ntawm millet nws tus kheej.

Qhov nrov ntawm cov nplej yog vim nws cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig (txog 13% protein, yuav luag 81% hmoov txhuv nplej siab, txog li 3.8% rog), sib npaug saj (cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsev ntxhia), cov khoom siv tshuaj (cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cov vitamins B siab dua li lwm cov nplej), yooj yim digestibility thiab siab digestibility.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xim xim ntawm cov khoom noj zoo

Raws li kev siv xim, cov nplej nplej tau muab faib ua peb hom: thawj hom - nrog cov xim dawb thiab qab zib, qhov thib ob - liab millet (tag nrho cov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm no ntau txog xim av tsaus), qhov thib peb - nrog xim daj. Ntau yam ntawm millet cultivated nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation Orlovsky dwarf thiab Vsepodolyanskoe-59 yog muab rau thawj hom; Standard, Gorlinka, Barnaulskoye-80, Orenburgskoye-9, Saratovskoye-6, Saratovskoye-3, Omskoye-10, Lipetskoye - mus rau lub thib ob, thiab Kinelskoye-92, Belgorodskoye-1, Kharkovskoye-8 thiab Kharkovskoye- thib peb.

Cov xim ntawm cov nplej yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj anthocyanins (xim xim). Cov ntsiav (millet) muaj xim ci dua (tuab daj), raug rau xim xim ntawm cov nplej,Feem ntau, cov neeg siv khoom zoo thiab tus nqi siab dua.

Tus nqi

Millet yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj zaub mov hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab nqaij qaib.

Unpolished millet grain yog siv los ua noog noj: qaib nce qe ntau lawm, ua kom lub plhaub muaj zog, thiab rau qaib, millet porridge thiab nplej yog cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim nyog. Cov hmoov nplej sib xyaw nrog cov khoom noj ntxiv yog siv los pub geese thiab npua. Cov khib nyiab los ntawm cov millet ntau lawm yog siv rau cov khoom noj sib xyaw thiab cov khoom noj muaj zog.

Muaj straw muaj nuj nqis ntau dua li roughage dua straw los ntawm lwm yam nplej, vim tias tom qab sau nws tseem ntsuab thiab muaj nplooj ntau.

millet tshiab (ntsuab) yog zaub mov zoo rau nyuj thiab yaj, yog li nws feem ntau sown rau pastures.

Txhua yam noog noj yog formulated nrog millet. Tsis ntev los no, tau muaj kev xyaum ntawm kev yuam cov millet ntawm cov zaub ntsuab nyob rau hauv tsawg qhov ntau (cov thawv, yob lev) rau cov hniav zoo nkauj thiab cov noog hauv tsev.

Tsim cov nqi nplej hauv Russia

Vim muaj peev txheej siv nyiaj ntau, vim yog ob qho tib si lom neeg cov yam ntxwv (cov nplej me me, qhov cua los yog cua txias yuav tsum tau) thiab kev vam khom rau huab cua, pub millet feem ntau muab muag. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam yog nyob ntawm qhov zoo: qhov ze nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm tus qauv, qhov siab dua. Cov kev xav tau uas twb muaj lawm rau kev ua cov cereals yog txausnruj thiab tsis yog txhua lub tuam txhab ua liaj ua teb (txawm tias loj) tuaj yeem muab rau lawv. Millet yog xyaum tsis muab rau export los ntawm domestic ua liaj ua teb producers. Cov khoom tseem ceeb yog los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Mongolia, lub teb chaws uas tsim cov millet zoo.