Roj hlwb: hom, txoj cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab nta

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Hydrogen yog roj huv vim nws tsuas yog tsim cov dej thiab muab lub zog huv si siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab. Nws tuaj yeem khaws cia rau hauv cov roj cell uas tsim hluav taws xob siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob. Hydrogen yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov pauv lub zog ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej, tab sis nws txoj kev loj hlob tseem tsawg heev. Yog vim li cas: lub zog uas nyuaj rau tsim, tus nqi ua tau zoo thiab cov lus nug ntawm lub zog sib npaug vim lub zog hnyav ntawm qhov tsim. Tab sis qhov kev xaiv lub zog no muaj cov kev xav nthuav dav hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog cia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau qhov chaw txuas ntxiv.

Roj Cell Pioneers

Lub tswv yim tau pom zoo los ntawm Humphry Davy thaum ntxov xyoo pua 19th. Qhov no tau ua raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Christian Friedrich Schonbein hauv xyoo 1838. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1960, NASA, koom tes nrog cov neeg koom tes hauv kev lag luam, pib tsim cov tshuab hluav taws xobntawm hom no rau manned space flights. Qhov no ua rau thawj qhov thaiv ntawm PEMFC.

Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb GE, Leonard Nidrach, tau hloov kho Grubb's PEMFC siv platinum ua cov khoom siv. Grubb-Niedrach tau tsim kho ntxiv hauv kev koom tes nrog NASA thiab tau siv los ntawm Gemini qhov kev pab cuam hauv xyoo 1960s. International Fuel Cells (IFC, tom qab UTC Power) tau tsim lub 1.5 kW ntaus ntawv rau Apollo chaw ya davhlau. Lawv muab hluav taws xob thiab dej haus rau cov neeg caij nkoj thaum lawv ua haujlwm. IFC tom qab tsim 12kW units siv los muab lub zog onboard rau txhua lub dav hlau ya dav hlau.

Lub tsheb pib yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Grulle hauv xyoo 1960. GM siv Union Carbide hauv lub tsheb "Electrovan". Nws tsuas yog siv los ua lub tuam txhab tsheb, tab sis tuaj yeem taug kev mus txog 120 mais ntawm lub tank tag nrho thiab ncav cuag ceev txog li 70 mais ib teev. Kordesch thiab Grulke tau sim nrog lub maus taus hydrogen hauv xyoo 1966. Nws yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes hybrid nrog NiCad roj teeb nyob rau hauv tandem uas ua tiav ib qho impressive 1.18L / 100km. Qhov kev txav no tau muaj kev siv tshuab e-tsheb tuam thiab kev lag luam ntawm e-maus taus.

Nyob rau xyoo 2007, cov peev txheej roj tau los ua lag luam hauv ntau thaj chaw, lawv pib muag rau cov neeg siv kawg nrog sau ntawv lees paub thiab kev pabcuam, piv txwv li. ua tau raws li cov cai thiab cov qauv ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev ua lag luam ntu pib tsom rau kev thov. Tshwj xeeb, ntau txhiab tus pab txhawb zogPEMFC thiab DMFC (APU) units tau ua lag luam hauv cov ntawv thov kev lom zem: nkoj, khoom ua si thiab cov khoom siv cob qhia.

Horizon thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2009 tau pom thawj qhov kev lag luam Dynario hluav taws xob uas khiav ntawm methanol cartridges. Horizon roj hlwb tuaj yeem them cov xov tooj ntawm tes, GPS systems, koob yees duab lossis cov suab paj nruag digital.

Hydrogen ntau lawm txheej txheem

Hydrogen roj hlwb yog cov khoom uas muaj hydrogen ua roj. Hydrogen roj yog ib tug xoom-emission roj uas tso tawm lub zog thaum combustion los yog los ntawm electrochemical tshua. Roj hlwb thiab roj teeb tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tab sis yav dhau los yuav tsim hluav taws xob yog tias muaj roj, yog li tsis poob nqi.

Cov txheej txheem cua sov los tsim cov hydrogen feem ntau koom nrog kev hloov pauv chav, cov txheej txheem kub kub uas cov ncu reacts nrog hydrocarbon qhov chaw tso tawm hydrogen. Ntau cov roj hluav taws xob tuaj yeem hloov kho kom tsim tau hydrogen.

Hnub no kwv yees li 95% ntawm hydrogen yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv roj. Dej tau muab faib ua oxygen thiab hydrogen los ntawm electrolysis, hauv ib lub cuab yeej ua haujlwm zoo li Horizon xoom roj cell nyob rau hauv thim rov qab.

hnub ci raws cov txheej txheem

Lawv siv lub teeb ua tus neeg sawv cev los tsim cov hydrogen. Tseem muajob peb txheej txheem raws li lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag:

1. photobiological;
2. photoelectrochemical;
3. sunny;
4. thermochemical.

Cov txheej txheem Photobiological siv cov txheej txheem photosynthetic ntawm cov kab mob thiab ntsuab algae.

Cov txheej txheem Photoelectrochemical yog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb rau kev sib cais dej rau hauv hydrogen thiab oxygen.

Thermochemical hydrogen solar production siv cov hnub ci zog rau cov dej sib cais nrog rau lwm hom xws li hlau oxides.

Cov txheej txheem lom neeg siv cov kab mob xws li kab mob thiab microalgae thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg. Nyob rau hauv microbial biomass hloov dua siab tshiab, microbes zom cov organic teeb meem xws li biomass, thaum nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem photobiological, microbes siv hnub ci los ua qhov chaw.

Tsim cov khoom siv

Cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom yog ua los ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Txhua tus muaj peb yam tseem ceeb:

• anode;
• cathode;
• conductive electrolyte.

Rau cov kab mob Horizon roj, qhov twg txhua lub electrode yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cheeb tsam siab impregnated nrog platinum alloy catalyst, cov khoom siv electrolyte yog daim nyias nyias thiab ua haujlwm raws li ion conductor. Kev tsim hluav taws xob yog tsav los ntawm ob yam tshuaj tiv thaiv thawj zaug. Rau cov khoom siv ntshiabH_2.

Cov pa roj hydrogen ntawm cov anode faib rau hauv protons thiab electrons. Lub qub yog nqa los ntawm electrolyte membrane, thiab tom kawg ntws ncig nws, tsim hluav taws xob tam sim no. Charged ions (H + thiab e -) ua ke nrog O_{2 ntawm cathode, tso dej thiab cua sov. Muaj ntau yam teeb meem ib puag ncig uas cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no yog txhawb nqa tib neeg kom ua tiav txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev vam meej ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub ntiaj teb. Ntawm no nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev hloov cov peev txheej ntawm lub zog tiag tiag nrog rau lwm tus uas tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg xav tau.}

Cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug tsuas yog cov cuab yeej no xwb, ua tsaug rau qhov no pom qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws, vim tias nws muaj peev xwm tau txais hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm cov roj huv huv nrog kev ua haujlwm siab thiab tsis muaj CO emissions _2.

Platinum catalysts

Platinum muaj zog heev rau hydrogen oxidation thiab tseem yog cov khoom siv electrocatalyst tshaj plaws. Ib qho ntawm Horizon cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb siv platinum-txo roj hlwb yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam automotive, qhov twg engineered catalysts ua los ntawm platinum nanoparticles txhawb rau conductive carbon yog npaj nyob rau yav tom ntej. Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov nanoparticles heev dispersed, siab electrocatalytic nto cheeb tsam (ESA), thiab me me particle loj hlob nyob rau hauv siab kub, txawm nyob rau hauv siab dua Pt loading theem.

Pt-muaj alloys muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov khoom siv khiav ntawm cov roj tshwj xeeb xws li methanol lossis hloov kho (H ₂, CO ₂, CO and N_{2). Pt / Ru alloys tau pom tias muaj kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo dua cov ntshiab electrochemical Pt catalysts nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm methanol oxidation thiab tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm carbon monoxide lom. Pt 3 Co yog lwm qhov kev txaus siab ntawm kev txaus siab (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau Horizon roj cell cathodes) thiab tau qhia txog kev txhim kho oxygen txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nrog rau kev ruaj ntseg siab.}

Pt / C thiab Pt 3 Co / C catalysts qhia cov nanoparticles loj heev ntawm cov pa roj carbon substrates. Muaj ntau qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau xav txog thaum xaiv cov roj cell electrolyte:

1. High proton conductivity.
2. Cov tshuaj lom neeg siab thiab thermal stability.
3. Low gas permeability.

Hydrogen zog qhov

Hydrogen yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm dej, roj, roj, thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb nyob. Txawm hais tias nws txoj kev yooj yim thiab kev nplua nuj, hydrogen tsis tshua pom nyob hauv nws lub xeev gaseous hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yuav luag ib txwm ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus. Thiab nws tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm cov roj, nkev, biomass, lossis los ntawm kev sib cais dej siv hnub ci lossis hluav taws xob.

Thaum hydrogen raug tsim los ua molecular H₂, lub zog tam sim no hauv cov molecule tuaj yeem tso tawm los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuamnrog O₂. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv lossis cov roj hluav taws xob hydrogen. Nyob rau hauv lawv, lub zog H_{2 yog hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob tam sim no nrog tsawg zog poob. Yog li, hydrogen yog lub zog thauj khoom rau kev txav mus los, khaws cia thiab xa hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm lwm qhov chaw.}

lim rau lub zog modules

Tau txais lwm lub zog tsis tuaj yeem yog tsis muaj kev siv cov lim dej tshwj xeeb. Classic cov ntxaij lim dej pab hauv kev txhim kho lub zog modules ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no vim cov zoo blocks. Cov lim tau muab los npaj cov roj xws li methanol rau kev siv ntawm tes.

Feem ntau cov ntawv thov rau cov khoom siv fais fab no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov chaw nyob deb, lub zog thaub qab rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, APUs ntawm cov tsheb me thiab cov ntawv thov hauv hiav txwv xws li Project Pa-X-ell uas yog ib txoj haujlwm los ntsuas cov hlwb ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj.

Stainless steel lim vaj tsev uas daws teeb meem pom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov no, xoom kaj ntug roj cell manufacturers tau qhia Classic Lim stainless hlau lim vaj tse vim yog cov khoom siv tau yooj yim, cov qauv zoo dua, xa khoom sai thiab cov nqi sib tw.

Hydrogen technology platform

Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies tau tsim tsa hauv Singapore xyoo 2003 thiab niaj hnub no muaj 5 lub tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab yogtxhawm rau ua kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov roj hlwb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb kom ua tiav kev lag luam sai, txo cov nqi thev naus laus zis thiab tshem tawm cov teeb meem hnub nyoog laus rau cov khoom siv hydrogen. Lub tuam txhab tau pib nrog cov khoom me me thiab yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau qis qis ntawm hydrogen hauv kev npaj rau kev siv loj thiab ntau dua. Los ntawm kev ua raws li cov lus qhia nruj thiab ib txoj hauv kev, Horizon tau dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws sub-1000W bulk cell chaw tsim tshuaj paus, pab cov neeg siv khoom nyob rau hauv ntau dua 65 lub teb chaws nrog rau kev xaiv dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv kev lag luam.

Lub Horizon thev naus laus zis platform muaj xws li: PEM - Qab ntug xoom kaj ntug roj hlwb (microfuel thiab pawg) thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv, hydrogen mov (electrolysis, hloov pauv thiab hydrolysis), hydrogen cia cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv.

Horizon tau tso tawm lub ntiaj teb thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tus kheej hydrogen. Qhov chaw nres tsheb HydroFill tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen los ntawm decomposing dej hauv lub tank thiab khaws cia rau hauv HydroStick cartridges. Lawv muaj ib tug absorbent alloy ntawm hydrogen gas los muab khoom cia. Cov cartridges tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv MiniPak charger uas tuaj yeem tswj cov roj lim me me.

Qab ntug lossis tsev hydrogen

Horizon Technologies tso tawm hydrogen charging thiab lub zog cia rau hauv tsev, txuag hluav taws xob hauv tsev kom them cov khoom siv nqa tau. Horizon txawv nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv 2006 nrog rau cov khoom ua si "H-racer", ib tug me me hydrogen-powered tsheb pov npav "zoo tshaj plaws invention" ntawm lub xyoo. Horizon muajdecentralize lub zog cia hauv tsev nrog nws qhov chaw Hydrofill hydrogen charging chaw nres tsheb, uas muaj peev xwm rov them cov roj teeb me me thiab rov siv tau dua. Cov nroj tsuag hydrogen no tsuas yog siv dej los khiav thiab tsim hluav taws xob xwb.

Kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem muab los ntawm daim phiaj, hnub ci vaj huam sib luag lossis cua turbine. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, hydrogen yog muab rho tawm los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb lub tank dej thiab khaws cia rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov hlau me me hlau alloy. Qhov chaw nres tsheb Hydrofill, muag rau ib ncig ntawm $ 500, yog avant-garde tov rau cov xov tooj. Qhov twg los nrhiav Hydrofill roj hlwb ntawm tus nqi no tsis yooj yim rau cov neeg siv, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum nug qhov kev thov tsim nyog hauv Is Taws Nem.

Tsheb thauj khoom hydrogen

Zoo li lub roj teeb uas siv hluav taws xob, cov uas siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob kuj siv hluav taws xob los tsav tsheb. Tab sis tsis txhob khaws cov hluav taws xob no rau hauv cov roj teeb uas siv sij hawm ntau teev los them, cov hlwb tsim lub zog ntawm lub tsheb los ntawm reacting hydrogen thiab oxygen. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug electrolyte - ib tug uas tsis yog-metallic conductor, nyob rau hauv uas cov hluav taws xob khiav yog nqa los ntawm lub zog ntawm ions nyob rau hauv cov khoom uas Horizon xoom roj hlwb yog nruab nrog proton-pauv daim nyias nyias. Lawv ua haujlwm raws li hauv qab no:

1. Hydrogen gas yog nkag mus rau "-" anode (A) ntawm lub cell, thiab oxygen yog coj mus rau tus ncej zoo.
2. Ntawm lub anode lub catalyst yog platinum,tshem tawm cov electrons los ntawm hydrogen atoms, tawm hauv "+" ions thiab dawb electrons. Tsuas yog ions dhau los ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob nruab nrab ntawm anode thiab cathode.
3. Electrons tsim hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm kev txav mus rau sab nraud. Ntawm cathode, electrons thiab hydrogen ions ua ke nrog oxygen los tsim cov dej ntws tawm ntawm tes.

Txog tam sim no, ob yam tau cuam tshuam loj kev tsim cov tsheb uas siv hydrogen: nqi thiab hydrogen ntau lawm. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, cov platinum catalyst, uas faib hydrogen rau hauv ib qho ion thiab ib qho hluav taws xob, tau txwv tsis pub kim.

Ob peb xyoos dhau los, cov roj hluav taws xob hydrogen raug nqi txog $ 1,000 rau txhua kilowatt ntawm lub zog, lossis txog $ 100,000 rau ib lub tsheb. Ntau yam kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav los txo tus nqi ntawm qhov project, suav nrog kev hloov cov platinum catalyst nrog platinum-nickel alloy uas yog 90 npaug ntau dua. Xyoo tas los, US Department of Energy tau tshaj tawm tias tus nqi ntawm lub kaw lus tau nqis mus rau $ 61 ib kilowatt, tseem tsis muaj kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam tsheb.

X-ray suav tomography

Qhov kev sim tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj no yog siv los kawm txog cov qauv ntawm ob txheej txheej. Lwm txoj hauv kev uas feem ntau siv los kawm cov qauv:

• mercury intrusion porosimetry;
• atomic force microscopy;
• kho qhov muag profile.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov porosity faib muaj lub hauv paus zoo rau kev suav cov thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, permeability thiabnthuav tawm. Ntsuas cov porosity ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog qhov nyuaj heev vim lawv nyias, compressible thiab inhomogeneous geometry. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov porosity txo qis nrog GDL compression.

Cov qauv ntxeem tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev hloov pauv loj hauv cov electrode. Qhov kev sim tau ua tiav ntawm ntau yam kev kub ntxhov, uas muaj li ntawm 0.5 txog 10 MPa. Qhov kev ua tau zoo yog nyob ntawm cov hlau platinum, tus nqi yog siab heev. Diffusion tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj binders. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kub thiab txias hloov cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntev thiab kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm lub caij. Tus nqi degradation ntawm qhov kub siab PEMFCs yog pib qis thiab tom qab ntawd sai sai. Qhov no yog siv los txiav txim qhov tsim ntawm dej.

Teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam

Yuav kom tus nqi sib tw, cov nqi roj ntawm tes yuav tsum tau muab halved thiab roj teeb lub neej zoo sib xws. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los xij, cov nqi khiav lag luam tseem ntau dua, vim tias cov nqi tsim khoom hydrogen yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm $ 2.5 thiab $ 3, thiab cov khoom siv hydrogen tsis zoo li yuav raug nqi tsawg dua $ 4 / kg. Txhawm rau kom lub cell sib tw nrog cov roj teeb zoo, nws yuav tsum muaj lub sijhawm luv luv thiab txo cov txheej txheem hloov roj teeb.

Tam sim no, polymer roj cell technology yuav raug nqi US $ 49 / kW thaum tsim khoom loj (tsawg kawg 500,000 units hauv ib xyoos). Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau sib tw nrog tshebInternal combustion, automotive roj hlwb yuav tsum ncav cuag li $36/kWh. Cov nyiaj khaws cia tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev txo cov nqi (tshwj xeeb, kev siv cov platinum), ua kom muaj zog ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom, txo lub zog ua haujlwm thiab ua kom ruaj khov. Muaj ntau qhov kev sib tw rau kev lag luam thev naus laus zis ntawm qhov loj, suav nrog kev kov yeej ntau yam kev cuam tshuam.

Technical challenges of the future

Tus nqi ntawm ib pawg nyob ntawm cov khoom siv, txheej txheem thiab kev tsim khoom. Kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom yog nyob ntawm tsis yog tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov haum ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev ua haujlwm, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus:

1. Txo cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab nce kev ua haujlwm.
2. Txhim kho durability thiab txo qis degradation.
3. Kev ua kom zoo ntawm electrode tsim.
4. Txhim kho qhov kam rau ntawm impurities ntawm lub anode.
5. Kev xaiv cov khoom siv rau cov khoom. Nws yog raws li tus nqi feem ntau yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm.
6. System fault tolerance.
7. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub caij yog nyob ntawm lub zog ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm GDL uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes yog reagent permeability, hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity, thiab kev txhawb nqa txhua yam. GDL thickness yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ib daim nyias nyias muab kev tiv thaiv zoo dua, muaj zog txhua yam, kev sib kis ntev dua, thiab ntau dua thermal thiab hluav taws xob tsis kam.

kev nce qib nce qib

Ntawm ntau hom ntsiab lus, PEMFC tau hloov kho ntau daim ntawv thov mobile (tsheb, laptops, xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab lwm yam), yog li ntawd, yog qhov txaus siab rau ntau cov tuam ntxhab. Qhov tseeb, PEMFC muaj ntau yam zoo xws li kev khiav hauj lwm kub, siab ceev ceev stability, lub teeb yuag, compactness, tsis tshua muaj nqi thiab ntim peev xwm, ntev kev pab cuam lub neej, ceev startups, thiab haum rau intermittent lag luam.

PEMFC thev naus laus zis tau zoo rau ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab tseem siv nrog ntau yam roj thaum ua tiav los tsim cov hydrogen. Raws li xws li, nws pom kev siv los ntawm me me subwatt nplai mus txog rau megawatt nplai. 88% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom xa tuaj hauv 2016-2018 yog PEMFC.