2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55
Roj thiab cov nkev ntuj, cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb no, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm hydrocarbons. Roj Crude yog ib tug complex sib tov ntawm hydrocarbons nrog rau lwm cov tebchaw. Cov roj refining tsim cov khoom uas tau siv rau hauv txhua qhov kev lag luam, lub zog, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab lub neej txhua hnub.
Roj Crude yog cais rau hauv nws cov khoom siv los ntawm kev yooj yim, feem ntau thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov zauv feem nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj crude qub.
Roj refining mus dhau ntau theem: fractional distillation, hloov kho, tawg thiab desulfurization.
Fractional distillation yog thawj theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas faib nws mus rau feem: roj, lub teeb, nruab nrab thiab roj roj. Yog li, thawj qhov kev ua cov roj tso cai rau koj xaiv cov feem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tam sim ntawd.
- Cov roj feem yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws uas tsis muaj cov hydrocarbons: butanes, propane thiab ethane.
- Roj av, lossis lub teeb feem, yog sib xyaw ntawm ntau lub teeb hydrocarbons, suav nrogbranched thiab unbranched alkanes.
- Mazut tseem nyob tom qab distillation ntawm tag nrho lwm cov sib dua feem.
Kev ua roj ntxiv yog ua los ntawm kev tawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov high-molecular tebchaw ntawm cov roj crude yog muab faib ua me me, cov yam ntxwv ntawm tsawg-boiling feem. Qhov tseem ceeb refining txoj kev no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais ib qho ntxiv ntawm cov roj qis qis, qhov kev thov uas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj av, yog qhov siab heev.
Hauv kev lag luam, ntau hom kev tawg yog siv: catalytic, thermal thiab hloov kho. Thaum lub sij hawm thermal cracking, high-molecular tebchaw los ntawm hnyav feem ntawm cov roj yog muab faib mus rau hauv qis-molecular sawv daws yuav nyob rau hauv lub siab kub. Cov roj ua los ntawm kev tawg, ob qho tib si thermal thiab catalytic, muab ib qho sib xyaw ntawm unsaturated thiab saturated hydrocarbons. Siv cov piv txwv ntawm octadecane, cov txheej txheem tawg tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov mis:
S18N38 -> S9N20 + C9H18
Thaum kub txog li 1000 ° C, thermal decomposition ntawm cov khoom siv roj molecular siab tshwm sim, uas ua rau lub teeb alkenes thiab aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Catalytic cracking tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab sib tov ntawm alumina thiab silica ua ib qho catalyst. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug sib tov ntawm saturated thiab unsaturated hydrocarbons kuj tau. Roj refining los ntawm txoj kev no yog siv kom tau cov khoom zooroj av.
- Kev hloov pauv hloov cov qauv ntawm cov molecules lossis muab lawv ua cov loj dua. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, cov khoom uas tsis muaj cov molecular feem ntawm cov roj yog hloov dua siab tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, mus rau qib high-qib roj av feem.
Natural thiab txuam gases yog sib tov ntawm methane (txog 90% ntawm ntim) thiab nws cov homologues ze tshaj plaws, nrog rau me me ntawm impurities.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua cov pa roj yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hydrocarbons saturated muaj nyob rau hauv nws mus rau hauv unsaturated hydrocarbons, uas tom qab ntawd tuaj yeem siv rau hauv tshuaj synthesis.
Yog li, kev ua roj thiab roj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais ntau yam khoom siv roj av ntau, los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis, ntau ntau yam khoom tau txais uas tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv roj av. lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag.
Pom zoo:
Siv cov txheej txheem se yooj yim: cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem, daim ntawv thov txheej txheem
Kab lus no tshawb txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau se nrov tshaj plaws - yooj yim. Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov system, cov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv thov, kev hloov pauv thiab kev tshem tawm tau nthuav tawm. Cov nqi sib txawv raug txiav txim siab rau cov khoom sib txawv ntawm kev them se
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem: kev faib tawm, cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem, qhov dav
Hnub no, ntawm cov cuab yeej tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kev lag luam, kev sau zoo heev ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas nyiaj txiag tau sau tseg. Lawv txawv hauv cov hom phiaj, kev xaiv ua pab pawg, xwm txheej lej, sijhawm, thiab lwm yam. Xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas nyiaj txiag hauv kab lus
Yuav hloov tus lej xov tooj li cas hauv Sberbank: txoj hauv kev yooj yim thiab yooj yim, cov txheej txheem thiab cov lus qhia kws tshaj lij
Million of Russians siv cov kev pabcuam ntawm Sberbank. Ntau tshaj 2/3 ntawm cov neeg siv khoom nyiam cov ntawv thov mobile: "Mobile Bank" thiab "Sberbank Online". Txhawm rau ua lag luam, nws txaus kom muaj daim npav Sberbank thiab siv lub smartphone. Tus neeg siv khoom lees paub tag nrho cov haujlwm nrog cov lej los ntawm SMS los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj, yog li ntawd, txhawm rau zam qhov xwm txheej tsis tau pom dua, koj yuav tsum paub yuav ua li cas hloov tus lej xov tooj hauv Sberbank
Vuam hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv roj: ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis, txheej txheem piav qhia, cov txheej txheem ua tiav, cov khoom tsim nyog thiab cov cuab yeej, cov lus qhia ua haujlwm ib ntus thiab cov lus qhia kws tshaj lij
Vuam thev naus laus zis yog siv hauv ntau ceg ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Versatility tau ua vuam nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tiv thaiv roj ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom. Qhov ntau yam no ua rau nws yooj yim los txuas cov hlau nrog lub thickness ntawm 1 hli mus rau ob peb centimeters nyob rau hauv txhua txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Vuam nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tiv thaiv yog maj mam hloov cov tsoos electrode vuam
Kuv puas xav tau daim ntawv teev nyiaj ntsuab rau cov neeg ua lag luam nrog cov txheej txheem se yooj yim? Yuav ua li cas rau npe thiab siv daim ntawv sau nyiaj ntsuab rau cov neeg ua lag luam nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem se yooj yim?
Kab lus piav qhia txog cov kev xaiv rau kev ua cov nyiaj tsis muaj kev koom nrog cov ntawv sau nyiaj ntsuab (CCT)
