Ruhr thee phiab: piav qhia

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Ntau tus yuav tuaj yeem rov qab nco txog ntau yam kev kub ntxhov uas tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam thee hauv lub xyoo yim caum thiab thaum ntxov nineties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cuam tshuam nrog kev poob qis hauv kev thov rau cov thee thiab nce qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov lag luam.. Lub Ruhr thee phiab tau los ua ib qho chaw ntawm qhov kev nruj no uas tshwm sim ntawm cov miners, cov lag luam loj thiab cov tub ceev xwm. Tag nrho cov cheeb tsam hauv ntiaj teb uas kev lag luam thee yog qhov tseem ceeb nkag mus rau lub sijhawm stagnation. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xwm txheej no tau muaj kev cia siab txuas ntxiv.

Ruhr thee phiab. Ceev Reference

Lub pob zeb thee, nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm Lower Rhine thiab Ruhr River, tsim nyog ib zaj dab neeg cais vim nws qhov ntim loj. Nws yog thawj zaug nyob rau sab hnub poob teb chaws Europe hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov thee khaws cia.

Feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub phiab yog nyob rau sab laug ntug dej ntawm Lower Rhine, nyob rau hauv cov chav dej xws li Ruhr, Escher thiab Lippe. Thiab tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov khoom khaws cia yog nyob ntawm lub txhab nyiaj sab xis.

Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub phiab tshaj 4,500 square kilometers, thiab nws ntev ntawm sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj yog ntau tshaj 140 kilometers. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov tob ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm high-calorific coals tsis tshaj ob txhiab meters. Ntau tshaj 213 billion tons ntawm thee yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub qab ntug no.

Feem ntau ntawm cov thee reserves ntawm Ruhr thee phiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Carboniferous, tab sis kuj muaj tom qab stratifications thiab overthrusts. Lub thee phiab ntawm tus dej Ruhr kuj suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim tau tshaj plaws, txij li muaj ntau tshaj li ob puas coal seams nyob rau hauv cov khoom tsim tau stratum, txhua tus ntawm cov thickness ntawm ib nrab ib 'meter'. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, ua haujlwm tuab ntawm ntau tshaj ib meter. Coal yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj roj ntau thiab muaj peev xwm coking zoo, nrog rau qhov kub siab tshaj plaws combustion.

Ruhr cheeb tsam. Essay

Thawj zaug, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw khaws cia hauv Rhine thiab Ruhr hav tau paub rov qab rau hauv XIII xyoo pua, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd thawj qhov chaw loj ntawm kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua tau tshwm sim.

Lub Ruhr thee phiab nyob rau hauv tsoomfwv xeev North Rhine-Westphalia, nrog cov pejxeem ntau dua tsib lab peb puas txhiab tus neeg. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj av no yog lub nroog loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob lub nroog loj - Dortmund thiab Essen.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev lag luam geography, Ruhr cheeb tsam yog to taub raws li lub regional union ntawm kaum tsib lub nroog thiab cheeb tsam hu ua "Ruhr".

Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, nws kuj tau siv ntau zauslub sij hawm conurbation, uas yog to taub raws li ib tug economically thiab thauj interconnected network ntawm lub nroog, uas tsis yog tsuas yog cov av ntawm North Rhine-Westphalia, tab sis kuj Düsseldorf thiab Cologne. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov pejxeem ntawm conurbation yuav ncav cuag kaum ob lab tus tib neeg. Yog li, Ruhr thee phiab nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg nyob coob tshaj plaws thiab cov nroog loj heev ntawm Western Europe.

Ruhr tsis sib haum

Nyob rau xyoo 1920, cov peev txheej ntuj ntawm Ruhr Basin hauv Tebchaws Yelemees tseem tseem ceeb rau European kev lag luam thiab yog li ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb loj ntawm kev ua tsov rog tom qab Weimar Republic thiab cov tub rog ntawm cov teb chaws yeej nyob rau hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I..

Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog tias tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rov qab tseem ceeb hauv cov nyiaj thiab cov peev txheej, tab sis feem ntau muaj kev cuam tshuam lossis qeeb, vim tias kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Yelemees nws tus kheej tsis ruaj khov tshaj plaws..

Fabkis txoj haujlwm

Teb rau qhov kev ncua qeeb, Fabkis tus thawj tswj hwm tau xa nws lub tebchaws cov tub rog mus rau thaj chaw uas tsis tau muaj yav dhau los. Xyoo 1921, cov tub rog Fab Kis tau tuav lub nroog ntawm Düsseldorf thiab Duisburg, uas tsim txhua yam tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm thaj chaw ntawm thaj tsam loj ntawm Rhine-Westphalia.

Tus cwj pwm nruj heev ntawm Fab Kis Tebchaws tau qhia meej tias qhov tseem ceeb hauv Tebchaws Europe tom qab tsov rogminerals ntawm Ruhr phiab. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau, tsis yog tsuas yog thee tau tsim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam, tab sis kuj steel, uas tsim Fabkis xav tau heev.

Kev nkag ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog ua rau muaj kev npau taws ntawm cov neeg hauv zos thiab ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. Nws tau xav tias nws yog tus cwj pwm ntawm Fabkis cov nom tswv uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg German hauv National Socialist ideology.

Kev hloov pauv kev tsim qauv

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1950 ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, qhov hu ua thee ntsoog tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev ua lag luam. Tom qab cov teeb meem thee, cov teeb meem hlau tau tshwm sim, uas tseem ua rau kev poob qis tsis yog rau cov hlau xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov thee.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm yuav luag ob xyoos ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam tsis tu ncua, nws tau pom tseeb tias kev lag luam ntawm Ruhr thee phiab xav tau kev hloov kho tshiab, muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab txav deb ntawm cov qauv raw khoom.

Ntxiv rau qhov teebmeem kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam hauv zos poob qis yog qhov tseeb tias cov mines nrog cov thee yooj yim siv tau ploj mus, thiab cov tshiab tsis muaj kev sib tw hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.

Post-industrial yav tom ntej

Raws li kev txheeb cais, txij xyoo 1980 txog 2002, ntau tshaj li tsib puas txhiab txoj haujlwm raug tshem tawm hauv cheeb tsam, thaum tsis muaj ntau tshaj peb puas txhiab raug tsim. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam txhua lub sijhawm. Yog ibFeem ntau cov khoom lag luam raw khoom thiab cov mines thee raug kaw, tom qab ntawd cov haujlwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov chaw lag luam tshiab lossis tom qab kev lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv ob xyoo lawm, ntau lub lag luam me thiab nruab nrab tau qhib rau hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov tshuab engineering, nyiaj txiag, hluav taws xob engineering thiab kev pabcuam. Cov nyiaj tseem ceeb tau nqis peev rau hauv cov lag luam ua haujlwm hauv computer technology.

chav tswj hwm cheeb tsam

Txhua cov peev txheej uas tau khawb hauv Ruhr phiab tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv European kev lag luam, tab sis kev txawj ntse thiab tib neeg cov peev txheej, kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees yog qhov tseem ceeb, tau los ua ntej.

Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm thaj av Ruhr yog nws cov qauv kev tswj hwm. Los ntawm kev pom kev lag luam thiab kev tswj hwm, Ruhr agglomeration yog lub nroog polycentric, txij li tag nrho cov nroog uas tau muab rau nws tsis sib cais los ntawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb.

Ntxiv rau, qhov kev thauj mus los tau zoo tso cai rau koj mus tau yooj yim ntawm ib feem ntawm lub nroog mus rau lwm qhov nrog lub sijhawm tsawg.

Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm cheeb tsam kev lag luam ua rau muaj kev poob qis hauv cov nqi vaj tsev, uas ua rau kev hloov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab loj rau hauv nroog no. Niaj hnub no, xws li kev txhawj xeeb loj xws li RAG, Degussa, ThyssenKrupp muaj lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom.

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias txhua qhov kev sim ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab kev lag luam los txhawb kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam, nwstseem conjuncturally tsis muaj zog. Kev poob haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam Ruhr yog ntau dua 13%, uas yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm thaj tsam ntawm West Germany. Txawm li cas los xij, thaj av ntawd tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kev nyuaj siab.

kab lis kev cai ntawm Ruhr Region

Lub Ruhr Basin, lub tsev rau ntau lub lag luam tsis ua haujlwm vim muaj kev lag luam nplua nuj yav dhau los, tau los ua qhov chaw uas niaj hnub kab lis kev cai tau vam meej nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog thiab tseem hwv, nrhiav kev txhawb nqa tshiab rau kev txhim kho thaj tsam kev txom nyem, txiav txim siab nqis peev ntau rau kev txhim kho cov kab lis kev cai hauv cheeb tsam.

Hnub no, Ruhr Coal Basin yog lub tsev rau peb lub tsev ua yeeb yam hauv ntiaj teb, kaum qhov chaw ua yeeb yam thiab ntau lub tsev khaws ntaub ntawv kos duab thiab keeb kwm.

Ib lub suab paj nruag tseem ceeb tau muaj txhua xyoo hauv cheeb tsam, thaum lub sijhawm 50 txog 80 lub suab nkauj ua yeeb yam tau tuav hauv nroog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov zej zog philharmonic thiab cov tsev hais plaub ntawm cov chaw khaws cia ua haujlwm tas li.

Kev Kawm

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cheeb tsam Ruhr nroog yog cov tub ntxhais kawm coob tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Muaj nees nkaum-ob lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ruhr Basin, kaum xya ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Ruhr uas nto moo art academy Folkwang nyob.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv loj tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam yog Ruhr University Bochum, uas muaj ntau dua42 txhiab tus tub ntxhais kawm, suav nrog 7000 tus tub ntxhais kawm txawv tebchaws. Txawm hais tias nws loj thiab qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev kawm German, lub tsev kawm ntawv tsuas yog tsim nyob rau xyoo 1962.