Moscow thaj av thee phiab - keeb kwm, nta thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Lub cheeb tsam Moscow thee phiab, lossis, raws li nws tseem hu ua, Mosbass, nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws ib zaug. Qhov kev tso nyiaj no suav tias yog xim av thee.

pib zaj dab neeg

Thawj zaug, cov peev txheej ntuj nyob hauv thaj chaw no tau tshawb pom rov qab rau xyoo 1772. Lub extraction ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv pib yuav tsum tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1786. Lub sij hawm ntawd, thawj adit, teej tug mus rau Moscow cheeb tsam thee phiab, tau qhib. Nws nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Novgorod cheeb tsam ze ntawm lub nroog Borovichi. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tus naj npawb ntawm deposits nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Mosbass mus txog 76. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsis tau tsim tas li, tab sis tsuas yog qee zaus.

Thawj qhov kev ua haujlwm mining nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam thee phiab tau tsim tsuas yog xyoo 1855 los ntawm Count Bobrinsky. Qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom yog concentrated nyob ze lub zos Malevka. Tam sim no, cheeb tsam no belongs rau Bogoroditsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Tula. Kwv yees li ntawm 10 txhiab tons ntawm cov thee tau raug khawb hauv thaj chaw no xyoo 1856.

Mine operation

Keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov mines hauv cheeb tsam thiab kev lag luam mining dav dav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis tas li. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog hais tias muaj ib tug monopoly ntawm txawv teb chaws peev nyob rau hauv no sphere ntawm ntau lawm. Tom qab 6 xyoo, nyob rau hauv 1862, thee mining pib nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub zos Tarkovo, thiab tom qab ib co sij hawm nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm Mosbass. Txawm li cas los xij, cov mines tsis ua haujlwm tas li, tab sis raws caij nyoog, vim li cas tau hais los saum toj no.

Ntawm no nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov tsis muaj kev siv tshuab, nrog rau kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov thee mining nyob rau hauv cov thee phiab ze Moscow thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, ua rau lub fact tias txhua xyoo zus tau tej cov tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Tula yog tsis muaj. ntau tshaj 700 txhiab tons hauv ib xyoos. Qhov ntsuas no tau pom thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Piv nrog rau cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov mines niaj hnub no, tag nrho cheeb tsam tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv raw ntau npaum li ib lub mine niaj hnub tsim niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, daim duab no tau sib npaug rau qhov tseeb tias Mosbass xyoo 1913 coj 24% ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tag nrho lub xeev.

Pib

Lub cheeb tsam Moscow thee phiab hauv Russia yog qhov chaw qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov thee mining. Thiab qhov no yog txawm tias qhov tseeb hais tias tag nrho-scale extraction ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no tsuas yog pib nyob rau hauv 1920. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog kev txhim kho ntawm qhov project, raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv roj hauv zos tau siv. Qhov thib ob yog vim li cas thiaj li yuav tsum tau muab cov thee rau hauv Central cheeb tsam vim muaj kev tsov kev rog tsis tu ncua. Industrial scale txoj kev loj hlob tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam xws liTver, Tula, Kaluga, Smolensk.

Ntxiv mus, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias xyoo 1941 thaj tsam Tula tau suav tias yog thaj chaw tsim kho tshaj plaws ntawm Mosbass hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov thee mining. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua phem ua phem kuj tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, vim muaj ntau lub mines tau tawg lossis dej nyab. Tab sis ntawm no nws tsim nyog ntxiv tias vim yog txoj haujlwm ntawm Donbass, tam sim ntawd tom qab kev ywj pheej ntawm thaj av no, ua haujlwm ntawm kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv raw tau rov pib dua.

Post-war

Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua phem, kev cia siab rau thaj av Moscow thee phiab tau loj heev. 90% ntawm tag nrho cov thee mined nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Mosbass yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Tula. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom tau sau tseg hauv xyoo 1957. Lub sijhawm no, 44 lab tons ntawm cov thee tau raug khawb.

Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias tau 20 xyoo, txij xyoo 1940 txog rau xyoo 1960, lub tshuab hu ua thee gasification tau nquag siv hauv lub phiab no. Txhua qhov kev tso nyiaj ntawm cov khoom siv raw muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau tshaj 100 txhiab tons hauv ib xyoos. Kev qhib ntawm ntu pib xyoo 1958 los ntawm thaj av Tula. Thawj qhov chaw raug xaiv raws li "Kimovsky txiav". Nws tau ua raws li peb ntxiv: "Bogoroditsky", "Gryzlovsky", "Ushakovsky".

Kev txhim kho ntawm Mosbass rau niaj hnub no

Nyob rau hauv lub 60s, maj mam poob ntawm cov thee ntau lawm hauv lub phiab tau sau tseg. Cov teeb meem ntawm cov thee phiab ze Moscow yog qhov zoorho tawm raw cov ntaub ntawv muab tawm kom tsawg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv pheej yig dua - roj av, thiab roj roj - pib mus rau thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov thee los ntawm Mosbass - nruab nrab cov hmoov tshauv 31%, 3% sulfur, 33% noo noo, nrog rau cov nqi calorific 11, 4-28, 2 MJ / kg - pib suav tias yog qhov phem. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm kev rho tawm cov tshuaj no yog qhov siab heev vim tias muaj dej ntau dhau ntawm cov dej ntws. Vim li no, nyob rau xyoo 1980 thiab 1990, yuav luag tag nrho cov mines ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow thee phiab raug kaw. Kom txog rau thaum 2009, lub xeem kuv nrog lub npe "Podmoskovnaya" ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw no kuj raug kaw rau xyoo no. Yog tias peb siv tag nrho lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm Mosbass, ces nws tau xa ntau dua 1.2 billion tons ntawm cov thee mus rau lub tebchaws txhua lub sijhawm. Tam sim no, cov khoom siv raw no tsis yog mined hauv lub phiab.

Cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov thee yog cov chaw lag luam hauv zos. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv tau suav hais tias yog cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob. Txawm hais tias los ntawm 2000, lub zog hluav taws xob hauv zos tau suav tias yog cov neeg siv khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov thee hauv zos.

yam ntxwv ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow thee phiab

Yog tias peb tham txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub pas dej, lawv zoo nkauj heev. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm cov coal bearing deposits yog hais txog 120 txhiab km. Qhov no yog coj mus rau hauv tus account lub fact tias tsuas yog ib tug tob ntawm txog 200 m, qhov dav ntawm arc-zoo li tus sawb ntau lawm yog los ntawm 80 mus rau 100 km. Thaum pib ntawm 2000, cov khoom khaws cia ntawm cov khoom siv raw hauv lub phiab no kwv yees li ntawm 1.5 billion tons.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tiastxheej ntawm cov zaub mov hloov nrog cov txheej ntawm cov pob zeb pov tseg. Vim tias qhov tshwm sim tsis tu ncua ntawm cov seams, feem ntau tshwm sim hauv dej ntws, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mosbass yog qhov nyuaj heev. Txij li thaum cov khoom no yog ib qho chaw rau extraction ntawm cov xim av thee, thiab nws, nyob rau hauv lem, oxidizes yooj yim heev nyob rau hauv lub mine, ib tug nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbon dioxide yog ib txwm pom nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thaum lub sij hawm nws extraction. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsim cov pa phem hauv kev ua haujlwm, uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm lub neej. Lwm qhov nyuaj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm daim teb no yog tias muaj kev txiav cov dej siab hauv cov reservoirs.

Vim tag nrho cov yam ntxwv no, kev txhim kho ntawm thaj av Moscow thee phiab yog xyaum tsis tham.

Main parameters of Mosbass

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xim av coal seams nyob rau hauv lub phiab no yuav luag kab rov tav. Lawv nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm 50 mus rau 150 meters. Lub thickness ntawm tag nrho cov txheej yog 2-4 m thiab ntau dua. Qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog 2.5 m. Brown thee mined hauv cheeb tsam no yog qhov tsis zoo, vim tias cov hmoov tshauv yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam los ntawm 25 mus rau 40%, leej faj cov ntsiab lus ntawm 2 mus rau 6%, av noo ntawm 30 mus rau 35%. Ib qho tseem ceeb qhia tau hais tias kev rho tawm ntawm cov khoom siv raw hauv Mosbass tsis muaj txiaj ntsig yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom, uas tshaj qhov nruab nrab rau tag nrho kev lag luam los ntawm 38%.

Nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev txhim kho, lub phiab no tau ua haujlwm zoo thiab muab cov khoom siv raw ntau heev. Txawm li cas los, twb nyob rau hauv lub postwarlub sij hawm, kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim cov thee raug txo qis heev. Qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom rho tawm tsis pub tshaj 40 lab tons hauv ib xyoos.

Pib pib xyoo 1993, lub phiab tau raug kho dua tshiab, thaum lub sijhawm 24 ntawm 28 lub mines tseem ceeb raug kaw. Tom qab ntawd, tsuas yog peb lub mines ua haujlwm, nrog rau ib qho kev txiav.

Lwm kev xav

Txawm hais tias qhov kev rho tawm ntawm cov thee xim av hauv thaj chaw ntawm Mosbass tsis tsim nyog, nws muaj cov deposits ntawm lwm yam minerals uas muaj peev xwm yuav mined.

Cov pab pawg ntawm cov pob txha no suav nrog cov tuab ntawm halogen sediments, thickness ntawm 35 mus rau 50 m. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub reservoir yog qhov tob ntawm 730 txog 988 meters. Cov khoom siv raw yog pob zeb ntsev, uas yog 93-95% halite. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov ntawm no tias cov khoom siv raw yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog ruaj khov thiab zoo zoo. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, tus naj npawb ntawm cov pob zeb ntsev deposits thoob plaws hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam thee phiab yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm 657 billion tons.

pool nta

Ntxiv rau pob zeb ntsev tso, tseem muaj cov pob txha xws li gypsum. Cov tshuaj no yog nyob rau hauv lub lagoonal-carbonate-gypsum deposits ntawm lub pas dej ib theem zuj zus ntawm lub Upper Devonian. Lub thickness ntawm no stratum yog los ntawm 8 mus rau 49 meters, tab sis qhov nruab nrab yog los ntawm 15 mus rau 25 meters. Qhov tob ntawm cov txheej yog los ntawm 32 mus rau 300 meters. Muaj ib tug maj mam poob ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ntawm lub Moscow syneclipse. Txog rau tam sim no, tsuas yog ib daim teb tab tom tsim - Novomoskovsky. Cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees cov pob zeb hauv cheeb tsam no ntawm 858.7 lab tons.

vimGeological qauv ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam thee phiab, nws muaj deposits thiab pob zeb xws li carbonate. Cov khoom no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev ua haujlwm zoo mining, lub zog siab, tsis tshua muaj dej txiav. Txog 150 qhov tso nyiaj ntawm cov pob zeb carbonate tau pom thoob plaws hauv Mosbass. Tag nrho cov nyiaj khaws tseg los ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv cheeb tsam no tshaj 1 billion m3.