Kev Lag Luam: Pancake week. Roj qoob loo nyob rau hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Roj thiab nplej qoob loo nyob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation. Cov rog uas tau los ntawm lawv cov noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog qhov tshwj xeeb.

Roj qoob loo: daim ntawv teev cov nroj tsuag

cog qoob loo yog siv hauv kev lag luam zaub mov, ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov qoob loo ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia yog rapeseed, mustard, taum pauv, taum castor, thiab sunflowers. Cov npe tseem suav nrog perilla, lallemancy, sesame, safflower, txiv laum huab xeeb thiab ntau lwm yam. Kev ua cov roj qoob loo yog ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam raw khoom.

Sunflower

Nws yog cov npe ntawm cov qoob loo oilseed. Sunflower nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm domestic tau pib cog los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Txij li lub sijhawm qhia, kab lis kev cai Shrovetide no tau nthuav dav thoob plaws thaj tsam Kuban, Saratov thiab Voronezh. Thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, paj paj tau nyob txog 3 lab hectares. Kev loj hlob tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag no tuaj yeem sau tseg hauv Bulgaria, Hungary thiab Romania.

StatisticalRF data

Qhov peev xwm tawm los ntawm paj noob hlis yog kwv yees li 4-5 centners ib hectare. Nyob rau hauv 2011, nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb cheeb tsam, cov nuj nqis yog 14.5 c / ha, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Volga cheeb tsam - 10.7 c / ha. Ua liaj ua teb tsim txog 27% ntawm cov qoob loo. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau qhov tsawg yields yog ua txhaum ntawm cov qoob loo rotation thiab agrotechnical txoj kev ntawm cultivation. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob cab, kab mob thiab kab tsuag tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, paj noob hlis yog cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, cov qoob loo tau zoo heev. Nyob rau xyoo 2006-2010, qhov feem ntawm nws cov qoob loo yog kwv yees li 12%. Ntawm tag nrho cov ntsuas ntawm kev tsim cov roj qoob loo, sunflower nyob 80%. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub sij hawm, nws tau ntseeg hais tias tag nrho pollination ntawm ib hectares yog tiav nrog kev koom tes ntawm 0.5-1 muv tsev neeg. Thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1970, zib ntab tsim tau kwv yees li ntawm 16.3-3.5 kg / ha. Txij thaum ntawd los, daim ntawv teev cov paj noob hlis hybrids thiab ntau yam zus nyob rau hauv Russia tau nce zuj zus.

Sunflower noj khoom muaj nqis

Roj yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua qoob loo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau nws, ntau yam by-products yog tau los ntawm sunflower. Piv txwv li, kev siv cov nroj tsuag stems hauv kev lag luam pulp yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj txog 40-48% cellulose. Tsis tas li ntawd, sunflower stalks yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov fiberboards. Cov nroj tsuag yog dav faib nyob rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb - nws yog siv raws li ib tug fodder qoob loo. Nyob rau hauv qhuav lub sij hawm thaum xaus ntawm lub caij ntuj sov, thaum stubble yog sown los ntawm nwstau ntsuab loj. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog siv nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm silage.

YShrovetide Flax

Nws yog faib feem ntau hauv thaj chaw qhuav thiab sov. Tshwj xeeb, kab lis kev cai yog cog hauv Western, Central thiab South Asia, South, North thiab Central America. Tsis ntev los no, ntau yam kev sim tau ua tiav los txiav txim siab qhov ua tau ntawm kev cog qoob loo hauv Central Europe. Shrovetide flax yog tsob ntoo uas tsis tshua muaj ceg. Nws loj hlob mus txog 50-80 cm. Nyob ntawm daim ntawv cog, cov ceg ntoo txawv ntawm 2 mus rau 10 lossis ntau dua. Flaxseed roj yog siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws ua raws li cov khoom siv raw rau cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish thiab tawv thiab khau industries. Flaxseed ncuav mog qab zib muaj cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab yog siv rau hauv kev npaj cov concentrated pub rau cov nyuj. Nws muaj cov protein, fiber ntau thiab roj. Flaxseed ncuav mog qab zib yog yooj yim digested los ntawm nyuj. Vim muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus muaj nyob rau hauv nws, mis nyuj tawm los nce, feem pua ntawm cov rog hauv cov mis nyuj nce. Flax straw tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov ntawv sau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov roj qoob loo no yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj.

Txoj kev loj hlob flax

Nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej kev hloov pauv hauv tebchaws Russia, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kab lis kev cai no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo Soviet tau ua lub xeev thiab kev ua liaj ua teb ua ke tswj kom nce qoob loo. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv tshuab. cogfeem ntau nruab nrab nroj tsuag, tsis branching ntawm lub hauv paus, tab sis muaj ceg los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub qia. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, flax fiber tau siv los tsim cov ntawv lossis paj rwb. Qhov kev tsim khoom no muaj ntau heev hauv Asmeskas. Shrovetide flax nyiam muaj zog dua spinning flax thiab muaj fiber ntau tsawg.

Ntsuab mustard

No Shrovetide kab lis kev cai tuaj ntawm Mediterranean lub teb chaws, Eastern Is Nrias teb thiab Western Europe. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, mustard tau siv los ua tshuaj ntsuab thiab txuj lom. Raws li pancake kab lis kev cai, nws tau pib siv tsis ntev los no. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws yog cais raws li ib tug caij nplooj ntoos hlav cog, nws muaj ib tug txwv kev faib. Tau ntau xyoo dhau los, mustard tau ua raws li kev cog qoob loo nruab nrab.

Soybeans

Nov yog xyoob ntoo ntawm tsev neeg legume. Soybean cov hauv paus hniav muaj cov kab mob tshwj xeeb, vim tias qhov hloov pauv ntawm nitrogen muaj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig yog nqa tawm. Soy muaj protein ntau (40-45%), rog (20%), carbohydrates (30%). Nws kuj muaj ntau yam minerals (li 5-6%). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov protein muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov ntsiab lus amino acid, cov kua mis yog suav tias yog qhov ze tshaj analogue ntawm cov khoom noj tsiaj. Nroj tsuag ntau zuj zus tuaj. Yog li, txij li xyoo 1998, nws tau nyob rau theem ntawm 156.5 lab tons. Daim duab no tshaj cov ntaub ntawv rau xyoo 1991-1995 los ntawm 30%.

Soybean cog qoob loo

Hauv Russia hnub no lawv tau txais txog 280 tons ntawm taum hauv ib xyoos. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv publub hom phiaj. Cov chaw cog qoob loo loj:

1. North Caucasus, Rostov cheeb tsam, Krasnodar cheeb tsam Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia. Kwv yees li 9.6% ntawm cov qoob loo nyob ntawm no thiab ntau dua 13% ntawm cov qoob loo tag nrho tau ua tiav.
2. Far East (Amur Cheeb Tsam, Khabarovsk thiab Primorsky Territories). Ntau tshaj 88% ntawm cov qoob loo muaj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Qhov sib faib ntawm cov khoom sau tag nrho hauv Far East yog 86% ntawm tag nrho rau lub tebchaws.
3. East thiab West Siberian, Ural thiab Volga cheeb tsam. Kwv yees li 1.5% ntawm cov qoob loo nyob ntawm no thiab kwv yees li 1% ntawm tag nrho cov qoob loo tau ua tiav.

Panuts

No oilseed qoob tau coj los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv xyoo 1792. Nyob rau hauv 1825, thawj zaug tau sim ua kom acclimatize txiv laum huab xeeb hauv Odessa. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv me me, cov nroj tsuag yog zus nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Transcaucasia thiab Central Asia. Peanuts yog cog rau edible zaub roj los ntawm lawv cov noob. Cov khoom no suav txog li 53% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim. Raws li rau qib ntawm cov ntsiab lus protein nyob rau hauv txiv laum huab xeeb, nws yog qis dua rau cov kua mis. Los ntawm ib tuj ntawm shelled noob, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, los ntawm 226 mus rau 317 kg ntawm roj yog tau. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov khoom no yog siv nyob rau hauv confectionery thiab canning industries. Cov txiv laum huab xeeb hauv av tau siv los ua ib qho ntxiv hauv cov txheej txheem ua chocolate. Sab saum toj thiab ncuav mog qab zib mus rau tsiaj noj. Qos yaj ywm muaj txog li 11% protein. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev noj haus muaj nuj nqis, cov saum yog tsis inferior rau clover thiab alfalfa. Ntau yam tshwj xeeb yog cog rau kev lag luam zaub mov. Lawv tsis muaj taum tsw. toasted noobNtau hom khoom noj tau siv rau zaub mov, crushed yog siv los ua additives rau confectionery.