Aircraft kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia: txheej txheem cej luam, keeb kwm, prospects thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev lag luam dav hlau hauv tebchaws Russia muaj keeb kwm ntev thiab muaj koob meej. Kev lag luam tau ntsib lub sijhawm ntawm kev yeej thiab kev kub ntxhov siab tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua lub sijhawm, txawm tias muaj kev nyuaj thiab kev lag luam, cov tuam txhab tsim dav hlau hauv tsev thiab cov neeg tsim qauv tau ua rau lub ntiaj teb xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv dav hlau zoo thiab siab heev. Niaj hnub no, ntau pua txhiab tus neeg koom nrog kev lag luam dav hlau hauv tebchaws Russia. Lub nroog uas muaj cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov nyoob hoom qav taub thiab dav hlau qee zaum ua nyob ib puag ncig cov chaw tsim khoom thiab vam meej rau lawv.

Kev lag luam dav hlau tau maj mam rov qab los ntawm kev sib tsoo 90s thiab tab tom nce nws lub peev xwm ntau lawm, tam sim no nyob rau qib thib peb ntawm cov dav hlau tsim tom qab Asmeskas thiab EU. Ib zaug ntxiv, Lavxias teb sab aircraft kev lag luam raug yuam kom ntes nrog cov neeg sib tw. Thawj zaug tshwm sim dhau ib puas xyoo dhau los.

Tsarist Russia

keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim dav hlau hauv tebchaws Russia tau pib xyoo 1910-1912, thaum thawj lub tuam txhab dav hlau tau tshwm sim. Kev lag luam tau tsim sai heev, los ntawm 1917 twb muaj 15 factories nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws,ua haujlwm txog 10,000 tus neeg. Lub dav hlau tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tso cai txawv teb chaws thiab nrog cov tshuab txawv teb chaws, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov cuab yeej zoo hauv tsev, piv txwv li, lub dav hlau nrhiav Anade; ya nkoj M-9 designer Grigorovich; nto moo bomber Sikorsky "Ilya Muromets". Thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov tub rog Lavxias muaj 244 lub dav hlau - ntau dua li lwm tus neeg koom ua rog.

After the revolution

Lub kiv puag ncig tawg, ua raws li kev tsov kev rog. Lub xeev pib lub ntiaj teb no reorganization. Nyob rau hauv 1918, los ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub Soviet tsoom fwv, tag nrho cov lag luam aviation tau nationalized. Tab sis kev tsim dav hlau tau dhau los ua qhov kev txwv tsis pub siv vim muaj kev lag luam tsis zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv tsis paub tseeb. Tsoom fwv tshiab yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev lag luam dav hlau hauv Russia xyaum los ntawm kos.

Ntxiv mus, lawv tau rov qab kho kev lag luam hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav: kev ua tsov ua rog, kev puas tsuaj, tsis muaj nyiaj txiag, cov peev txheej thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm, vim tias muaj ntau lub tuam txhab Lavxias teb sab neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, ntau tus neeg tuag hauv pej xeem lub neej lossis raug kev tsim txom. Cov neeg German tau pab ntau, uas, tom qab Treaty of Versailles, raug txwv tsis pub muaj tub rog puv thiab tsim riam phom. Hauv kev koom tes nrog Russia, German cov kws tshaj lij tau txais lub sijhawm los tsim thiab tsim lub dav hlau tshiab, thiab Soviet engineers tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev paub.

Tam sim no xyoo 1924, thawj lub dav hlau hlau ANT-2, tsim los ntawm legendary Andrei Tupolev, coj mus rau saum ntuj. Tsuas yog ib xyoos tom qab, Soviet aircraft manufacturers tsimnce mus rau nws lub sij hawm monoplane ANT-4. Cov foob pob tawg lub cav tau nyob ntawm lub tis, cov tswv yim zoo li no tau dhau los ua classic rau tag nrho cov neeg tawg rog hnyav yav tom ntej thaum lub ntiaj teb ua tsov rog tom ntej.

Nyob rau hauv lub 30s, lub era ntawm airships irrevocably xaus, muaj ib tug zoo leap nyob rau hauv lub aircraft kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia. Factories tsim dav hlau thiab cav, metallurgical tuam txhab thiab tsim bureaus tshwm nyob rau hauv kaum ob. Xyoo 1938, kev tsim dav hlau tau nce 5.5 npaug piv rau 1933 cov duab. Nyob rau xyoo ua ntej ua tsov ua rog, kev lag luam tau tsim thiab tsim cov dav hlau zoo li ANT-6, ANT-40, I-15 thiab I-16.

WWII

Txawm hais tias muaj kev ua tiav zoo thiab tsim tau lub zog ntawm Soviet aircraft kev lag luam, thaum kawg ntawm 30s muaj ib qho kev lag luam tom qab German aircraft tuam ntxhab. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv tsev I-16 thiab I-15 fighters, uas tau nquag siv thaum lub sij hawm Spanish Civil War, ua tau zoo thaum xub thawj, tab sis thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb lawv pib pom zoo tawm los rau German aircraft.

Qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm thawj hnub ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, thaum ntau pua lub dav hlau Soviet raug puas tsuaj rau hauv av, ua rau qhov zoo dua ntawm cov neeg tsav dav hlau German. Cov Germans tau kav saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, uas piav qhia lawv txoj kev vam meej hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Yog tias tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa huab cua, Tub Rog Liab tsis tuaj yeem nres Wehrmacht lub tank spearheads, uas npog tag nrho cov tub rog.

Dua, kev lag luam aviation pom nws tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb: txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig tau tawg, lub xeevKev puas tsuaj raug hem, thiab kev coj noj coj ua tau thov tsis yog tsuas yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov dav hlau, tab sis kuj tsim cov kev hloov kho tshiab, ntau dua. Cov hauj lwm uas tau muab ua tau zoo kawg nkaus. Lub Soviet aviation kev lag luam ua ib tug impressive pab rau yav tom ntej yeej. Straining tag nrho lawv lub siab nyiam thiab lub zog, Soviet aircraft builders ua tsis yooj yim sua, raws li feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia.

Cov chaw tsim khoom dav hlau tau khiav tawm sai sai rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, txhua lub chaw tsim khoom ua haujlwm ib puag ncig, cov poj niam thiab menyuam yaus ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev siv zog no yog tsim cov dav hlau zoo li qhov yooj yim thiab siab tawv La-5 fighter, uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad; universal Yak-9, uas yog siv raws li ib tug fighter ntawm yeeb ncuab aircraft, bomber, reconnaissance, escort; Pe-2 bomber; Lub dav hlau Il-2 nres ua rau cov neeg German ntshai.

Yog tsis muaj cov dav hlau no, qhov hloov pauv hauv kev ua tsov rog, thiab tom qab ntawd yeej muaj yeej, yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau txais tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev txhim kho lub dav hlau, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom muaj peev xwm. Lub Soviet aviation kev lag luam nyob rau hauv 1941 muab cov tub rog txog 7,900 aircraft, thiab nyob rau hauv 1944 daim duab no tshaj 40,000. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, ntau tshaj 150,000 aircraft tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR, thiab txog 120,000 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, txawm tias tag nrho cov European kev lag luam ua hauj lwm rau nws.

Kaj ntug sij hawm

Kev lag luam dav hlau, muab tso rau hauv kev ua tsov rog, tsis tau qeeb tom qab tsov rog, kom txog rau thaum USSR tawg, nws txuas ntxiv tsim thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv dav hlau. ATThaum lub ncov ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, lub Soviet aviation kev lag luam tsim txog 400 helicopters thiab 600 tub rog aircraft nyob rau hauv ib xyoos, nrog rau txog 300 helicopters thiab 150 civil aircraft. Kev lag luam suav nrog 242 tuam txhab, 114 factories, 72 tsim chaw ua haujlwm, 28 lub koom haum tshawb fawb. Ua ntej kev sib tsoo ntawm Union, ntau tshaj li ob lab tus tib neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam aviation.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, USSR tsis tau tso cai rau kev rov qab los ntawm Western powers. Lub sijhawm ntawm lub dav hlau dav hlau tau pib. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 50s, lub transonic thiab supersonic MiG-15 thiab MiG-19 coj mus rau saum huab cua, nyob rau hauv 1955 lub Su-7 fighter raug sim, thiab nyob rau hauv 1958 lub serial zus tau tej cov MiG-21 twb launched, uas rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Lub sij hawm tig los ua lub cim thiab lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm USSR.

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Soviet, kev lag luam dav hlau hauv tebchaws Russia thiab Union Republics yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm uas tsis nres tsim cov nyoob hoom qav taub thiab dav hlau uas tau ua ntej lawv lub sijhawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Union tsim cov dav hlau tsis yog rau nws tus kheej cov kev xav tau xwb, nws yog nws tus xa khoom loj tshaj plaws nrog rau Tebchaws Meskas thiab muab yuav luag 40% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov nkoj ntawm cov koom haum.

Cov dav hlau zoo tshaj plaws Soviet rau cov tub rog yog: MiG-27, MiG-29, MiG-31, Yak-38 fighters; nres aircraft Su-25 thiab Su-27; Bombers Tu-95 thiab Tu-160. Rau pej xeem aviation, xws li cov dav hlau zoo li Tu-104, supersonic Tu-144, Tu-154 tau tsim; Ib-62, Il-86; Yog - 40; Ib-24. Cov tuam txhab nyoob hoom qav taub hauv tsev tsis poob qab, muab cov tub rog thiab pej xeem aviation rau Mi-8 nyoob hoom qav taub loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, qhov loj tshaj plaws - Mi-26,Mi-24 hybrid nyoob hoom qav taub, tshwj xeeb Ka-31 nyoob hoom qav taub, Ka-50 tawm tsam tub rog txhua lub caij huab cua.

Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Zeeg: Xyoo 1990

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR yog ib txwm ua raws li kev tawg ntawm Soviet aviation kev lag luam. Tsim kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lag luam raug torn sib nrug, uas mam li nco dheev xaus nyob rau hauv lub tshiab ywj siab xeev. Kev lag luam tau ceev ceev ntiag tug, tsuas yog 3% ntawm cov dav hlau tseem nyob hauv lub xeev tswj. Aeroflot tsoo rau ntau lub dav hlau ntiag tug.

Lub ntim ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub tuam tsev tiv thaiv tau poob qis, thiab kev lag luam dav hlau pej xeem hauv tebchaws Russia tau nyob rau qhov kev puas tsuaj. Cov neeg nqa huab cua nyiam hloov cov dav hlau qub Soviet nrog cov dav hlau siv txawv teb chaws es tsis xaj lawv los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv tsev. Cov nuj nqis rau xyoo 1999 yog qhov zoo heev, thaum lub sijhawm kev lag luam aviation Lavxias tau tsim 21 tub rog thiab 9 lub dav hlau dav hlau.

Lub Sijhawm Cia Siab: 2000

Russia nkag mus rau qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo txhiab peb nrog cov neeg tshiab hauv lub zog thiab kev cia siab tshiab. Lub teb chaws tau rov qab los ntawm kaum xyoo ntawm kev faib khoom dua tshiab, lub sijhawm muaj teeb meem ntawm kev ua lag luam ntiag tug thiab kev ua tsis tiav. Cov nqi roj tau nce, kev lag luam tau muaj zog, nyiaj txiag rau cov lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, suav nrog kev lag luam aviation, nce ntxiv. Rau nws txoj kev loj hlob zoo, cov tub ceev xwm koom ua lag luam aviation, tsim lub tuam txhab Lavxias Helicopters tuav, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov khoom siv nyoob hoom qav taub, thiab United Aircraft Corporation.

Kev lag luam tub rog dav hlau hauv tebchaws Russia tau rov qab sai dua li cov dav hlau pej xeem vim yogloj hlob domestic thiab export xaj. Cov xeev txawv teb chaws zoo siab yuav MiG-29, Su-30, Su-27. Hauv kev dav hlau dav hlau, qhov xwm txheej tsis tau hloov pauv ntau: hauv xyoo 2000, ntau dua 250 lub dav hlau txawv teb chaws tau yuav.

Txoj kev mus rau lub zog qub: 2010

Txij xyoo 2010 txog rau tam sim no, cov chav kawm coj los kho kev lag luam tau raug tswj xyuas, txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm xyoo 2008 thiab kev nplua rau Lavxias Federation los ntawm Western lub teb chaws. Ua tsaug rau qhov nce kev yuav khoom ntawm Lavxias Ministry of Defense, cov chaw tsim khoom tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm, nqa cov qib ntau lawm rau ntau pua lub dav hlau tub rog hauv ib xyoos. Serial zus tau tej cov Su-30M thiab Su-35 fighters, lub Il-76MD tub rog thauj aircraft twb launched, lub Il-78M tanker thiab lub Su-57 tshiab fighter yog nyob rau hauv kev sim davhlau.

Kev lag luam dav hlau dav hlau kuj tseem muaj zog dua. Serial zus tau tej cov tshiab Lavxias teb sab aircraft "Superjet 100" twb launched, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab neeg nrog caij ntawm lub aircraft yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab ua ke nrog Tuam Tshoj. Qhov kev piav qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv zoo yog kev txheeb cais. Xyoo 2010, ntau tshaj 100 lub dav hlau tub rog ntawm ntau hom tau tsim, xyoo 2011 cov tuam txhab tsim dav hlau hauv tsev tsim ntau dua 260 lub nyoob hoom qav taub, xyoo 2014 lawv tsim 37 pej xeem thiab 124 tub rog dav hlau.

Lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam

Lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm lub dav hlau kev lag luam complex tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm factories thiab tsim bureaus uas tau tsim rov qab nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Cov tub ceev xwm Soviet tau paub zoo tias rau kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev tsim kho ntawm kev lag luam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account xws li.qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub dav hlau kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lub koom pheej, xws li muaj cov neeg ua hauj lwm tsim nyog thiab yooj yim thauj mus los ntawm kev lag luam thiab tsim bureaus. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw tsim khoom tsim tau teeb tsa hauv lub nroog lossis hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tau tsim hauv cov nroog loj nrog kev tsim kho vaj tse.

Tam sim no, lub xeev no tsis hloov. Lub tuam tsev tsim qauv nto moo ntawm Yakovlev, Sukhoi, Mil, Tupolev, Ilyushin, Kamov txuas ntxiv ua tiav kev tsim cov dav hlau tshiab, thiab lawv cov chaw ua haujlwm nyob hauv Moscow lossis ze nws. Cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws koom nrog kev tsim cov nyoob hoom qav taub, dav hlau thiab cav rau lawv nyob hauv Moscow, Smolensk, Kazan, Ulan-Ude, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov thiab lwm lub nroog.

Kev cia siab rau kev lag luam dav hlau hauv tebchaws Russia

Yog tias cov tub ceev xwm txuas ntxiv qhov kev pom zoo rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam aviation thiab tso nyiaj rau tib theem, ces qhov kev cia siab rau kev lag luam dav hlau hauv tsev yog qhov zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv 2017, Russia tsim 33 SSJ100s, 214 tub rog nyoob hoom qav taub thiab 139 tub rog dav hlau. Nyob rau hauv 2018, serial zus tau tej cov Mi-38 nyoob hoom qav taub thiab MS-21 neeg caij tsheb yuav tsum pib. Nws tau npaj yuav rov pib tsim cov Il-96-400M ntev-ntev cov neeg caij tsheb liner, pib tsim cov nyoob hoom qav taub Ka-62, thiab kho lub dav hlau Tu-160M.