Ammonium nitrate: khoom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, siv chiv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Ammonium nitrate raug xaiv los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nitrogen rau cov nroj tsuag thaum lub sijhawm loj hlob los ntawm ntau tus neeg ua teb thiab agronomists. Qhov no yog vim nws ntau yam: nws tuaj yeem siv sib npaug zoo rau kev pub mis yuav luag tag nrho cov qoob loo, thiab nws kuj tseem haum rau ntau hom av.

Ib yam ntawm ammonium nitrate formula yog muaj nitrogen nyob rau hauv nws ob hom - nitrate thiab amide - NH₄NO_{3. Vim li no, lub sij hawm ntawm assimilation ntawm nws los ntawm cov av los ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog me ntsis ncua. Nitrogen nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nitrate ion pib absorbed tam sim ntawd tom qab daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus, tab sis amide tsis ntxov tshaj li ib lub lim tiam tom qab hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus.}

Type of drug

Feem ntau cov chiv no yog tsim nrog ntxiv ntawm ntau yam khoom. Qhov no yog vim thaj tsam ntawm kev siv ammonium nitrate, nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom haum raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv thaj chaw huab cua sib txawv.

• Qib A. Siv ntau yam kev lag luam. Yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 98% ammonium nitrate thiab tsis ntau tshaj 0.3% dej. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txias (stabilizing)additives, uas feem ntau yog siv los ua magnesium thiab calcium nitrates, yuav tsum yog 0.2-0.5% rau calcium oxide thiab 0.5-1.2% rau Р _2O5.
• Qib B. Siv tshwj xeeb rau kev ua liaj ua teb. Cov ntsiab lus nitrogen hauv nws yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 34%, thiab noo noo, nrog rau hom A, tsis ntau tshaj 0.3%. Ammonium nitrate ntawm lub npe tshwj xeeb no yog muag hauv cov khw muag khoom vaj thiab muaj cov ntim khoom yooj yim. Nws tau muab faib ua qib siab tshaj plaws, qib thib ib thiab qib thib ob, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb uas yog lub zog thiab qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj granules.
• Porous hloov kho. Hom ntsev no yog siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov khoom tawg, uas, dhau los, yog siv rau hauv mining, roj, roj, kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam lag luam.

Kev tsim cov ammonium nitrate

Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tau txais cov chiv no nyuaj heev thiab suav nrog ntau theem:

1. Ua ntej, ib qho kev daws ntawm magnesium nitrate (magnesium additive) yog tau, uas txhim kho lub cev-chemical zog ntawm s altpeter:

Mg²⁺ + 2HNO₃ → Mg(NO₃) 2 _{+ H}2_{O + Q.}

txheej txheem no siv sijhawm 4 teev ntawm 80 ° C thiab atmospheric siab.

2. Nitric acid yog neutralized nrog ammonia, uas ua rau tsim ntawm ammonium nitrate nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev daws. Cov txheej txheem no yog ua los ntawm atmospheric siab thiab kub ntawm 148-165 ° C.

NH₃ + HNO₃ ↔ NH₄NO_{3+ Q.}

3. Nitrate tshuajammonium nkag mus rau tom qab-neutralizer, qhov twg ntau tshaj nitric acid neutralized los ntawm gaseous ammonia. Txhawm rau tswj hwm qhov chaw alkaline, magnesium additive yog ntxiv rau cov tshuaj thiab xa mus rau theem ntawm evaporation thiab granulation.

Cia thiab ruaj ntseg

Vim qhov tseeb tias cov nitrogen uas muaj nyob rau hauv ammonium nitrate muaj peev xwm evaporate, qhib pob ntawm chiv yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis. S altpeter kaw nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv uas tsis muaj dej noo yog khaws cia tsis pub dhau rau lub hlis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, chav yuav tsum txias thiab yuav tsum tsis muaj hnub ci ncaj qha.

Cov chiv no yog hluav taws kub thiab tawg, nws tus kheej qhov kub thiab txias yog 350 ° C. Tab sis twb nyob rau ntawm qhov kub ntawm 210 ° C, nws decomposes nrog tsim ntawm nitrogen oxides thiab dej vapor. Thiab thaum nitrogen oxides cuam tshuam nrog nitrate, flammable oxygen thiab ammonia raug tso tawm. Thaum s altpeter tov nrog hlau hmoov, sawdust los yog straw, qab zib thiab ib co lwm yam organic tshuaj, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub tso tawm, uas yuav provoke lub saum toj no txheej txheem.

Nws kuj tau pom zoo los tiv thaiv cov granules ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab cuam tshuam, xws li kev poob siab thiab kev sib txhuam, uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kub thiab txias.

Txaus cov nitrates hauv zaub

Ammonium nitrate yog cov chiv nitrate. Ua tsaug rau kev kawm ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm, ntau tus neeg tau xaus rau lawv tus kheej tias txawm tias me me ntawm nitrates hauv cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Thiab yog vim li cas rau lawv tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog tshwj xeeb mineral chiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, s altpeter.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xav no tsis raug. Ua ntej, nitrates tsis tsuas yog nkag mus rau cov kab mob nyob nrog zaub mov, tab sis kuj tsim nyob rau hauv lawv thaum lub sij hawm ntuj biochemical tshuaj. Rau kev sib piv, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm nitrates tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov zaub mov tsis muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv yog 325 mg ib hnub. Thiab nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev lawv raug tsim nyob rau tib hnub yam tsawg 100 mg.

Thib ob, nws tsis yog nitrates lawv tus kheej uas tsim kev puas tsuaj, tab sis cov nitrites tsim thaum lawv kho dua tshiab. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev lom nrog lawv yog xeev siab, tsis muaj zog, raws plab, ua tsis taus pa. Yuav kom txo tau tus mob, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxuav lub plab, noj cov khoom siv xws li hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, cua tshiab.

Thib peb, kev sib sau ntawm nitrates hauv zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev poob siab ntawm cov tshuaj organic chiv, xws li quav quav, noog poob, thiab txawm tias tshuaj ntsuab infusions. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom pub cov nroj tsuag ntawm qee lub sij hawm ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab hauv qhov xav tau kom muaj nuj nqis. Raws li txoj cai, cov chiv nitrogen raug tso tseg 2-3 lub lis piam ua ntej sau qoob.

Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias tsis yog txhua cov nroj tsuag sau nitrates nrog tib lub zog. Cov yeej hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus yog zaub ntsuab: dill, lettuce, parsley, thiab beets. Tab sis cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov txiv ntoo, nrog rau kev ua liaj ua teb kom zoo, khaws cov nitrates tsawg dua li cov zaub qhwv dawb.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Kev muaj koob meej ntawm kev siv ammonium nitrate rau cog chiv yog vim muaj ntau yam tsis lees paubPros:

• nqi tshuaj pheej yig;
• muaj peev xwm thov ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv qhuav thiab yaj;
• haum rau cov hauv paus thiab nplooj nplooj;
• ua haujlwm zoo hauv cov av txias thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav;
• zoo diffusion muaj peev xwm.

Cov cuab yeej kawg ntawm ammonium nitrate tso cai rau cov granules kom yaj zoo kawg nkaus hauv cov av noo thiab nkag mus tob rau hauv nws, xa khoom noj rau cov nroj tsuag nrog lub hauv paus muaj zog. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tseem suav nrog hauv cov npe cons.

Flaws

Vim nws cov solubility siab hauv cov av ntub dhau thiab hauv thaj chaw uas muaj dej hauv av siab, cov chiv no tsis siv tau, vim nws yuav ntxuav tam sim ntawd. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus ua ntej los nag hnyav yuav tsis ua haujlwm.

Tsis tas li, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua nws lub cev acidity. Kev siv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov av nrog cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm cov hauv paus (podzolic av, subtropical liab av) provokes ib qho kev nce hauv lawv cov acidity, thiab, yog li ntawd, ib tug txo nyob rau hauv yield. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov nyhuv no, nws raug nquahu kom ntxiv dolomite lossis txiv qaub rau hauv av.

Qhia txiv lws suav

Kev taw qhia ntawm ammonium nitrate thaum cog txiv lws suav tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm theem yub. Nws txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob muaj zog. Fertilizing lws suav seedlings nrog nitrogen npaj yog nqa tawm peb zaug:

• tom qab xaiv: 10 g ntawm ammonium nitrate yog tov nrog 10 g ntawm poov tshuaj ntsev (KCl) thiab 40 g ntawm superphosphate, thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom tiav.sib tov rau hauv ib lub thoob dej;
• 2 lub lis piam tom qab thawj zaug pub mis: 15 g ntawm ntsev, 20 g ntawm KCl thiab 70 g ntawm superphosphate yog yaj hauv 10 liv dej sov;
• ib lub lis piam ua ntej cog hauv av: rau 10 g ntawm ammonium nitrate, noj 40 g ntawm superphosphate thiab 60 g ntawm poov tshuaj ntsev, dissolve qhov sib tov rau hauv ib lub thoob dej.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag hluas kom tsis txhob muaj tshuaj lom neeg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ywg dej rau lawv nrog dej dawb ua ntej pub mis, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog kev daws cov tshuaj. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom tsis txhob tau txais nws ntawm stems thiab nplooj ntawm seedlings. Yog tias cov tee ntawm cov chiv poob rau ntawm cov nroj tsuag me me, ces tam sim ntawd yaug nrog dej huv.

Kev hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhib thiab nws lub sijhawm nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev npaj ntawm qhov cog. Nrog rau txoj kev ua liaj ua teb thev naus laus zis, nws tau ua tiav tom qab cov yub hloov mus rau qhov chaw tshiab thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob pib. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm paj thiab zes qe menyuam, pub mis nrog ammonium nitrate yuav tsum tau nres.

Cov qoob loo no tau pub nrog ammonium nitrate ua ib feem ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov ntxhia chiv uas muab cov poov tshuaj thiab phosphorus. Ua yam tsawg kawg ob zaug hauv ib lub caij:

1. Tom qab pom ob khub ntawm nplooj tseeb: 10 g ntawm ntsev, KCl thiab superphosphate yuav tsum tau noj rau 10 liv dej.
2. Thaum pib ntawm flowering: 30 g ntawm ammonium nitrate, 20 g ntawm poov tshuaj ntsev thiab 40 g ntawm superphosphate yog yaj nyob rau hauv ib lub thoob dej.

Vim cov dib loj hlob sai heev, qhov no txaus kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoosau qoob. Tshaj nrog nitrogen, lawv yuav tsis kam tsim cov zes qe menyuam, thiab qhov no yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov txo qis ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Qhia qos yaj ywm

Feature of this crop is underdeveloped roots and very large tubers uas accumulates ntau yam as-ham nkag mus thiab tsim nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los xav txog tias thaum loj hlob qos yaj ywm nyob rau hauv tib qhov chaw los ntawm ib lub xyoo mus rau lub xyoo, cov av poob colossal npaum li cas ntawm kab kawm. Yog hais tias lawv tsis ntxiv, ces dhau sij hawm lub tubers yuav me me vim tsis muaj zaub mov.

Thaum npaj ib daim teb rau cog qos yaj ywm, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau tawg ammonium nitrate granules ntawm tus nqi ntawm 30 g ib 1 square meter tam sim ntawd tom qab daus melts. Dissolving nyob rau hauv dej nag, nws yuav nkag mus rau qhov xav tau qhov tob, thiab tom qab harrowing ntawm qhov chaw pab txhawb rau nws cov kev faib ua feem. Nws tseem pom zoo kom muab cov ntsev ntsev nrog superphosphate, uas tau noj hauv qhov nyiaj ntawm 15 g ib 1 m32..

Cov hauv paus pub qos yaj ywm nrog ammonium nitrate yog ua ua ntej hilling thiab tom qab dej ntau. Cov tshuaj ua haujlwm tau npaj ntawm tus nqi ntawm 20 g ntawm ntsev thiab 40 g ntawm superphosphate ib 10 liv dej.

Qhov tshuaj ntawm lub cev

Ammonium nitrate tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm kev ua pa, plab hnyuv, nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag. S altpeter plua plav thaum nqus tau muaj qhov ua rau mob rau sab sauv ua pa, mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag, ntawm daim tawv nqaij (tshwj xeeb yog tias muaj kab nrib pleb thiab qhov txhab). Cov chaw muaj kev cuam tshuam yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog dej ntau hauvhauv 15 feeb. Yaug lub qhov ntswg thiab qhov ncauj kom huv si thiab muab cov neeg raug tsim txom nkag tau rau huab cua ntshiab.

Thaum noj, ntsev ua rau kiv taub hau, xeev siab thiab ntuav. activated charcoal, kua ntau ntau thiab ib tug saline laxative yog siv ua thawj pab.