Aircraft piston engine: txheej txheem cej luam, cuab yeej thiab yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nyob ntev, txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub piston aircraft cav tseem yog tib lub cav uas muab cov dav hlau ya. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub forties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws muab txoj kev rau engine nrog rau lwm yam kev cai ntawm kev ua hauj lwm - turbojet. Tab sis txawm tias qhov tseeb tias piston cav tau poob lawv txoj haujlwm, lawv tsis tau ploj ntawm qhov chaw.

Daim Ntawv Thov Niaj Hnub Nyoog rau Reciprocating Cav

Tam sim no, aviation piston xyaw yog siv hauv kev ua kis las dav hlau, nrog rau cov dav hlau me me uas tau txiav txim. Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas cov cav ntawm hom no tau siv tsawg heev yog qhov piv ntawm chav tsev fais fab rau chav tsev loj ntawm lub cav piston yog qhov tsawg dua piv rau cov roj turbines. Hais txog kev ceev, piston cav tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog lwm lub cav siv hauv kev lag luam dav hlau. Ntxiv mus, lawv cov efficiency tsis tshaj 30%

Hom piston aircraft xyaw

Piston aircraft cav txawv feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub tog raj kheej nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub crankshaft. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, muaj ntau ntau ntawm ntau hom piston motors. Feem ntau siv yog cov hauv qab no:

• V-shaped engines;
• reciprocating radial cav qhov twg cov thooj voos kheej kheej tau teeb tsa hauv lub hnub qub qauv;
• boxer cav, nws lub tog raj kheej nyob hauv kab.

V-engines

Lawv yog cov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab siv hom kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev lag luam dav hlau thiab tsis yog xwb. Lawv lub npe yog txuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tog raj kheej nyob rau hauv relation mus crankshaft. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv muaj ib tug sib txawv theem ntawm inclination nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Nws tuaj yeem muaj qhov kub ntawm 10 txog 120 degrees. Cov motors zoo li no ua haujlwm ntawm tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus xws li lwm lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov cav nrog V-shaped lub tog raj kheej suav nrog lawv cov txheeb ze compactness thaum tuav lub zog ua haujlwm, nrog rau lub peev xwm kom tau txais lub zog zoo. Tus tsim tso cai rau kom ua tau raws li qhov tseem ceeb ncej acceleration vim lub fact tias lub inertia tsim thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm yog ntau ntau dua li ntawm lwm yam ntawm lub internal combustion engines. Piv nrog rau lwm hom, cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov siab me tshaj plaws thiablength.

Lub cev muaj zog ntawm hom no muaj lub siab nruj ntawm lub crankshaft. Qhov no muab cov qauv muaj zog ntau dua, uas ua rau lub neej ntawm tag nrho lub cav. Kev khiav hauj lwm zaus ntawm xws motors txawv nyob rau hauv loj ntau yam. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom nrawm nrawm, nrog rau ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua ntawm hom txwv.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm piston aircraft xyaw nrog V-engine suav nrog qhov nyuaj ntawm lawv cov qauv tsim. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog cov kim tshaj li lwm hom. Ntxiv mus, lawv txawv ntawm qhov dav dav ntawm lub cav. Tsis tas li ntawd, V-shaped motors yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qib siab ntawm kev co, teeb meem hauv kev sib npaug. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb yuag lawv ntau yam.

Aircraft Radial Piston Cav

Tam sim no, radial piston engine yog dua nyob rau hauv kev thov hauv aviation. Lawv nquag siv nyob rau hauv kev ua si aircraft qauv, los yog nyob rau hauv cov uas tau txiav txim. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog me me. Cov cuab yeej ntawm aviation piston cav ntawm ib hom radial, tsis zoo li lwm cov motors, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws cov thooj voos kheej kheej nyob ib ncig ntawm lub crankshaft ntawm cov ces kaum sib npaug, zoo li radial rays (asterisks). Qhov no muab nws lub npe - lub hnub qub-zoo li tus. Xws li cov motors tau nruab nrog lub tshuab tso pa tawm uas sib txawv hauv cov kab hluav taws xob radial. Ntxiv mus, ib lub cav ntawm hom no tuaj yeem muaj ob peb lub hnub qub - compartments. Qhov no yog ua tau vim lub fact tias lub crankshaft yog nce nyob rau hauv ntev. Raws li txoj cai, radial engine yog tsim nrog ib qho khib ntawm lub tog raj kheej. Qhov no tso cai rau lub txim mus rau lub cylinder los ntawmib. Tab sis lawv kuj ua cov tshuab radial nrog ib tus naj npawb ntawm lub tog raj kheej, tab sis lawv tus lej yuav tsum muaj ntau dua ob.

Qhov loj tshaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tshuab radial yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov roj nkag mus rau lub tog raj kheej qis ntawm lub cav thaum lub dav hlau nres. Qhov teeb meem no feem ntau ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov dej rauj tam sim ntawd, uas ua rau kev tawg ntawm tag nrho cov crank mechanism. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov teeb meem no ua ntej pib lub cav, yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub tog raj kheej qis kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj roj nkag mus rau lawv.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuab radial suav nrog lawv qhov me me, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab lub zog tsim nyog. Feem ntau lawv tau nruab rau ntawm cov qauv kev ua si dav hlau.

Kev tawm tsam Aircraft Piston Cav

Tam sim no, boxer aircraft cav tau pib paub txog lawv txoj kev yug dua tshiab. Vim qhov tseeb tias lawv yog me me thiab hnyav hnyav, lawv tau muab tso rau hauv lub teeb kis las dav hlau. Lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub zog txaus thiab muab kev kub ceev heev.

Boxer xyaw muaj ntau hom qauv:

1. Lub cev muaj zog ua raws li "boxer" txoj kev (Subaru). Nyob rau hauv xws li cav, lub piston ntawm lub tog raj kheej nyob opposite ib leeg txav equidistantly. Qhov no ua rau ib qho ntawm qhov chaw tuag saum toj kawg nkaus thiab lwm qhov hauv qab qhov chaw tuag txhua lub voj voog.

2. tshuab,nruab nrog OROS ntaus ntawv (Opposed Piston Opposed Lub tog raj kheej). Nyob rau hauv xws li motors, lub tog raj kheej nyob horizontally nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub crankshaft. Txhua ntawm lawv muaj ob lub pistons, uas txav mus rau ib leeg thaum ua haujlwm. Qhov deb piston txuas nrog lub crankshaft los ntawm kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb.

3. Lub cav ua los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus siv nyob rau hauv lub Soviet 5TDF cav. Hauv cov khoom zoo li no, cov pistons txav mus rau ib leeg, ua haujlwm ua khub hauv txhua tus kheej kheej kheej. Thaum ob lub piston mus txog qhov chaw tuag saum toj kawg nkaus, roj tau txhaj ntawm lawv. Lub cav ntawm ntau yam no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm ntau hom roj, los ntawm kerosene mus rau roj av. Txhawm rau ua kom lub zog ntawm lub tshuab boxer, lawv tau muab nrog lub turbocharger.

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv lub tshuab boxer yog compactness, me me qhov ntev. Lawv tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm cov dav hlau me me. Lawv lub hwj chim loj heev. Tam sim no lawv tau siv ntau dua hauv kev ua kis las dav hlau.

Qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog kev siv roj ntau thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj cav. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub cav ntawm lwm hom, boxer engine siv roj thiab lubricants ob zaug ntau npaum li cas. Lawv xav tau cov roj hloov tas li.

Modern aircraft xyaw

Niaj hnub nimno piston aircraft xyaw yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj heev. Lawv tau nruab nrog niaj hnub units thiab cov rooj sib txoos. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog muab thiab tswj los ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub thiab cov khoom siv. Vim yog daim ntawv thovadvanced technology, qhov hnyav tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cav yog ho txo. Lawv lub peev xwm tau nce ntxiv, uas ua rau lawv siv dav hauv lub teeb-cav thiab kev ua kis las aviation.

aviation roj

Roj hauv reciprocating aircraft cav ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj. Cov no yog kub kub nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub piston rings, nyob rau hauv lub puab qhov chaw ntawm lub pistons, nyob rau hauv lub li qub thiab lwm yam khoom. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub cev muaj zog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, lub zog, kev thauj khoom, lawv siv cov roj viscosity siab, uas yuav tsum tau ntxuav tshwj xeeb. Lawv yuav tsum muaj lubricity siab, nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov hlau thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntawm lub cav. Aviation roj rau piston cav yuav tsum tiv taus oxidation thaum raug kub, tsis txhob poob lawv cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm cia.

Tsev piston aircraft xyaw

keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov tshuab piston hauv Russia pib xyoo 1910. Kev tsim khoom loj tau pib thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, Soviet piston aircraft cav ntawm lawv tus kheej tsim tau pib tsim nyob rau hauv 1922. Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam ntau lawm, suav nrog aviation, lub teb chaws pib loj-tsim piston xyaw ntawm 4 manufacturers. Cov no yog lub cav ntawm V. Klimov, A. Shvetsov, cog naj npawb 29, A. Mikulin.

Tom qab tsov rog, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm aviation ntawm USSR pib. Cov tshuab dav hlau rau cov dav hlau tshiab tau tsim thiab tsim. Lub reactivekev tsim dav hlau. Nyob rau hauv 1947, tag nrho cov tub rog aircraft ua hauj lwm ntawm high speeds hloov mus rau lub dav hlau propulsion. Piston aircraft xyaw tsuas yog siv rau kev cob qhia, kis las, neeg caij tsheb thiab tub rog thauj dav hlau.

Lub piston dav hlau loj tshaj plaws

Lub cav muaj zog tshaj plaws piston aircraft tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas Xyoo 1943. Nws tau hu ua Lycoming XR-7755. Nws yog peb caug-rau-lub tog raj kheej cav. Nws qhov ntim ua haujlwm yog 127 litres. Nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho lub zog ntawm 5000 horsepower. Tsim los rau lub dav hlau Convair B-36. Txawm li cas los, lub series tsis mus. Tau tsim nyob rau hauv ob daim ntawv luam, raws li prototypes.