Vinyl chloride (vinyl chloride): cov khoom, mis, kev tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Vinyl chloride yog ib qho yooj yim derivatives ntawm acetylene tau los ntawm kev ntxiv hydrogen chloride. Hom tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb uas cov tshuaj no koom nrog yog txheej txheem polymerization. Cov khoom kawg - PVC - yog dav siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov compound thiab nws cov derivatives yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm cov tshuaj volatile, uas muaj zog toxic nyhuv rau tib neeg lub cev.

Kev piav qhia dav dav

Vinyl chloride (vinyl chloride) yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj siv ntau tshaj plaws vim nws yog cov khoom siv raw rau PVC ntau lawm. Cov tshuaj no yog thawj zaug tau los ntawm Liebig nyob rau hauv 1830 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm dichloroethane thiab cawv poov tshuaj carbonate. Tom qab 42 xyoo, lwm tus kws tshawb fawb German, Eugen Baumann, tau mob siab rau qhov tseeb tias thaum khaws cia hauv lub teeb, flakes pib los ntawm cov yas chloride. Tus kws tshawb fawb no suav tias yog tus nrhiav pom ntawm polyvinyl chloride.

Thaum xub thawj, qhov sib xyaw no tsis ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub lag luam thiab cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Nws ntau lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug industrial scalepib hauv 30s. XX caug xyoo.

Cov mis mos empirical rau vinyl chloride yog: C₂H_{3Cl. Cov qauv qauv qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.}

Raws li ib txwm muaj, vinyl chloride yog cov roj tsis muaj xim, tab sis txij li nws qhov kub kub yog -13 ° C, nws feem ntau yog ua kua hauv lub xeev.

tshuaj lom neeg ntawm vinyl chloride

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj no yog:

• YPolymerization.
• Hloov pauv ntawm daim ntawv cog lus carbon-chlorine. Cov txheej txheem no tsim cov cawv thiab vinyl esters. Cov tshuaj chlorine atom yog hloov nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts: halides, palladium thiab ntsev ntawm lwm yam hlau. Yog tias cawv siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj, ces esters yog synthesized.
• Oxidation nrog oxygen hauv theem roj. Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog formyl chloride, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid thiab formic acid. Ua kom tiav oxidation yog pom nrog kev koom tes ntawm cob alt chromite catalyst los yog hauv cov tshuaj aqueous siv poov tshuaj permanganate. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ozone nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab gaseous lub xeev ntawm vinyl chloride ua rau cov formyl chloride thiab formic acid. Kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim ua rau carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid thiab phosgene lom (hauv me me).
• Ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txhawm rau kom tau txais trichloroethane, uas yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj, cov tshuaj chlorine ntxiv yog nqa tawm: los ntawm cov txheej txheem ionic (hauv cov kua theem, tsis muaj lub teeb, siv cov catalyst raws li cov hlau hloov pauv) lossis los ntawm cov radicals.cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (ntawm qhov kub siab). Cov khoom siv tau zoo vinyl chloride kuj tau tsim los ntawm cov kua qaub catalysis thiab hydrogenation.
• Photodissociation. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teeb nrog lub wavelength ntawm 193 nm, pawg HCl thiab Cl raug cais tawm ntawm cov yas chloride molecule.
• YPyrolysis. Vinyl chloride tiv taus thermal decomposition dua li lwm cov haloalkanes ntawm hom no. Pyrolysis pib ntawm 550 ° C. Ntawm 680 ° C, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm acetylene, hydrochloric acid, chloroprene, thiab vinylacetylene yog li 35%. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm dej, vinyl chloride yuav corrode hlau, hlau, thiab txhuas los ntawm kev tso HCl.

polymerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Vinyl chloride monomer tuaj yeem nyob tau ntev hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm radicals los ntawm kev yees duab- lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermochemical ua rau kev ua kom cov polymerization.

txheej txheem no tshwm sim hauv 3 theem thiab qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.

Lub cev yam ntxwv

Lub cev lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj raws li hauv qab no:

• molecular hnyav - 62,499;
• melting point - 119 K;
• boiling point - 259 K;
• muaj peev xwm kub hauv lub xeev ua kua - 84 J / (mol∙K);
• vapor siab ntawm 0 ° C - 175 kPa;
• Viscosity ntawm -20 °C - 0.272 mPa∙s;
• qis tawg txwv - 8.6% (los ntawm ntim);
• pib-kub kub - 745 K.

Cov khoom muaj zoo solubility hauv hydrocarbons,roj, cawv, organic kua; xyaum immiscible nrog dej.

Tau txais

Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau vinyl chloride:

• raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrochloric acid nrog acetylene;
• los ntawm ethylene thiab chlorine (ncaj qha chlorination ntawm ethylene, tau ethylene dichloride, nws cov pyrolysis rau vinyl chloride);
• ethylene oxychlorination;
• kev sib xyaw ua ke (cov tshuaj chlorination ncaj qha, pyrolysis ntawm ethylene dichloride, oxychlorination) - txheej txheem sib npaug ntawm ethylene thiab chlorine yam tsis muaj kev tsim lossis siv hydrochloric acid.

Tam sim no, qhov kev xaiv tom kawg yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws thiab siv tau zoo. Tus nqi ntawm vinyl chloride tau los ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog ntau dua 95% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim hauv ntiaj teb. Chemistry ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no.

Tag nrho cov kua qaub, uas tau txais thaum lub sij hawm pyrolysis ntawm ethylene dichloride, yog siv los ua raw khoom nyob rau theem tom ntej ntawm kev tsim khoom (oxychlorination). Cov khoom uas tshwm sim yog purified los ntawm distillation, by-products yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov kuab tshuaj los yog recycled.

Zoo hauv Russia

Hauv tebchaws Russia, kev tsim cov yas chloride los ntawm acetylene yog ua los ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv qab no:

• AK Azot, (Novomoskovsk, Tula cheeb tsam).
• JSC Plastcard (Volgograd).
• JSC Khimprom(Volgograd)..
• Usolekhimprom JSC, (Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk cheeb tsam).

Rau lub hauv paus ntawm ethylene, kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj yog ua nyob rau hauv cov koom haum xws li:

• JSC "Sayanskkhimplast" (Sayansk).
• JSC Sibur-Neftekhim (Caprolactam, Dzerzhinsk).
• ZAO Kaustik (Sterlitamak).

Synthesis los ntawm acetylene yog suav tias yog siv technology. Kev siv ethylene li feedstock muaj qhov zoo hauv qab no:

• khoom pheej yig dua thiab pheej yig dua;
• tawm los ntawm cov khoom tiav;
• qis zog thiab siv dej;
• muaj peev xwm tsim cov kab ntau lawm.

Txoj kev no tau siv los ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam rau ntau tshaj 40 xyoo. Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam vinyl chloride hauv tebchaws Russia yog kev qhia txog cov peev txheej tshiab, kev hloov mus rau ethane feedstock, kev sib kis ntawm oxygen-pab oxychlorination thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho cov kev lag luam muaj feem xyuam rau kev muag cov dej qab zib caustic, uas. yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom.

Daim ntawv thov

Feem ntau ntawm cov yas chloride uas ua tau yog siv los ua polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Raws li kev txheeb cais, ntau dua 50% ntawm cov khoom tsim ntawm cov polymer no nyob rau hauv Asia.

Polyvinyl chloride yog cov khoom siv ntau yam ntawm txhua lub polymers. Nws tuaj yeem siv los tsim ob qho tib si lub tsev tsis zoo (cov kav dej, sab nrauv phab ntsa cladding, profiles) thiabcov khoom siv elastic (hlau, cables, cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev). Tsis zoo li lwm cov ntaub ntawv polymeric, polyvinyl chloride nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ultraviolet rays, oxidation thiab kua hydrocarbons tsis tsuas yog decomposes, tab sis kuj yog ib feem ntawm cross-links polymer chains. Cov cuab yeej no yog txuam nrog muaj cov chlorine atoms nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov compound. Kev sib tw siab ntawm PVC kuj tau piav qhia los ntawm nws tus nqi qis.

PVC yog siv los ua cov khoom lag luam hauv qab no (hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov ntim ntau lawm):

• raj thiab lawv fittings;
• sib;
• windows, qhov rooj;
• profiles (xws li laj kab thiab decking);
• pem teb;
• khoom siv vov tsev;
• khoom siv;
• packaging;
• cables thiab xaim (sheath, rwb thaiv tsev);
• khoom siv kho mob;
• coatings, nplaum.

Lwm yam siv

Ib feem me me ntawm vinyl chloride (kwv yees li 1%) yog siv los tsim cov copolymers, ntawm cov kev sib txuas nrog vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, acrylic series monomers thiab alpha-olefins yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thawj hom copolymer yog qhov dav tshaj plaws. Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj cov npe lag luam hauv qab no:

• vestolite;
• hostalitis;
• winnol;
• lukovil;
• corvik;
• jeon;
• sikron thiab lwm tus.

Lawv yog siv los ua cov khoom xws li:

• linoleum thiab lwm yam hauv pem teb;
• window frames;
• fab vuas;
• faux tawv;
• varnishes;
• nonwovens.

Txoj kev phem

Vinyl chloride yog hais txog cov tshuaj txaus ntshai heev uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj hauv tib neeg lub cev. Cov khoom yog volatile thiab txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag mus yog inhalation. Lub hauv paus yog tsim cov yas chloride, PVC thiab cov khoom los ntawm nws.

Vinyl chloride ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv lub cev thiab lub cev hauv qab no:

• CNS kev nyuaj siab (kiv taub hau, tsis meej pem, mob coma);
• kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov hlab ntsha;
• deterioration of reproductive function;
• cov nyhuv carcinogenic (angiosarcoma ntawm daim siab feem ntau kuaj pom, qog thiab lwm qhov chaw tsim kho);
• digestive system - kab mob siab, cholecystitis, cholangitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer;
• circulatory thiab hematopoietic system - kub siab, kab mob plawv, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia;
• cuam tshuam ntawm cov roj cholesterol thiab cov metabolism hauv dav;
• mutagenic effect, tsim ntawm chromosomal aberrations;
• inhibition ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, txo qis zog tiv thaiv kab mob.

Nrog rau lub sijhawm ntev (los ntawm rau lub hlis mus rau 3 xyoos) ntawm cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj no, "cov kab mob vinyl chloride" tshwm sim. Nws txoj kev loj hlob mus txog 3 theem, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hauv qab no:

1. qaug zog, migraine, xeev siab, anemia, mob ntawm tus ntsia thawv phalanges ntawm cov ceg, nrog rau lawv kev puas tsuajpob txha. Thaum qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo, cov kev hloov pauv rov qab tuaj.
2. Kev mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha peripheral, ua rau tsis hnov qab; arrhythmia, mob hauv plawv cheeb tsam, ua txhaum ntawm thermoregulation.
3. Tsis nco qab, hnov qab, qhov muag tsis pom kev hloov pauv, ob lub duab, pw tsaug zog, ua haujlwm poob qis, mob plab, xeev siab, ntuav, nce hauv pob txha pathologies.