Faience - yog dab tsi? Qhov txawv ntawm porcelain thiab faience yog dab tsi?

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Tib neeg tau siv faience los ua daim phiaj thiab khob txij thaum ub. Thiab nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ntiaj teb no, ceramic tais diav yog suav hais tias yuav luag indispensable. Txawm hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov khoom lag luam, thev naus laus zis ntawm lawv cov khoom tsim tau hloov pauv tas li, tab sis cov khoom nws tus kheej tseem tsis hloov pauv. Dab tsi yog earthenware, thiab dab tsi nws muaj - cia peb sim ua kom paub nws hauv kab lus no.

Dab tsi yog earthenware

Faience yog cov khoom siv los ntawm cov tais diav, cov khoom siv sab hauv, cov khoom vaj tsev, thiab lwm yam. Lub npe ntawm cov khoom no los ntawm lub nroog Italian ntawm Faenza, uas yog nto moo rau kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic.

Faience feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv rooj tog, khoom plig thiab ntau yam khoom plig ceramic. Figurines ntawm hom no txawv ntawm cov porcelain figurines nyob rau hauv brightness thiab saturation ntawm cov xim thiab saib zoo heev. Raws li rau cutlery, faience tais feem ntau yog ua nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv yooj yim thiab zoo tib yam. Nws yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev siv txhua hnubzaub mov nrog kev teeb tsa yooj yim.

Ntau yam faience

Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom tsis huv, muaj ntau hom faience:

1. txiv qaub faience - ntxiv rau quartz thiab av nplaum dawb, cov khoom muaj xws li chalk thiab dolomite. Ua tsaug rau cov additives no, cov khoom tau ua kom yooj yim dua thiab sai dua.
2. Soft earthenware - ntau yam fluxes tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg - cov tshuaj uas tsim cov tshuaj fusible thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thermal.
3. Feldspar faience - nws muaj qee yam ntawm feldspars (pob zeb-forming minerals).
4. Hard faience yog cov khoom siv ruaj khov tshaj plaws. Cov khoom zoo li no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab siab. Hard faience raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm qhov kub siab heev.

History of faience

Neeg neeg paub tias kev ntseeg yog dab tsi, txawm tias 4 txhiab xyoo BC. e. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm thawj ceramics yog me ntsis txawv ntawm qhov uas tsim hnub no. Hauv Mesopotamia thiab tim lyiv teb chaws, cov khoom faience tau tsim los ntawm quartz pebbles nrog impurities ntawm dej qab zib, limestone, tooj liab thiab hlau ore.

Ntau tom qab faience tshwm sim hauv Ntiaj Teb Qub. Thaum xub thawj nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub npe majolica hauv qee lub nroog ntawm Ltalis. Tom qab ntawd cov khoom lag luam zoo faience tau tsim nyob rau Fabkis, hauv nroog Saint-Porche.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, faience tau nto moo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Tag nrho cov chaw tsim khoom rau kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic ua haujlwm hauv Moscow. Faience ware dispersed ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm tus nqi siab thiab nyiam qhov chaw zoo kawg. Cov khoom los ntawm ntau lub hoobkassib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Yog li, tus tswv ntawm Grebenshchikov manufactory pleev xim rau cov tais diav ntawm raw enamel. Lub faience ntawm Kuznetsov Partnership yog txawv los ntawm ntau xim glazes, peb-seem nyem nyem los yog luam tawm kos duab. Lub Hoobkas Gzhel tsim cov khoom lag luam feem ntau yog xiav, nrog rau cov xim kub.

Konakovo faience

M. S. Kuznetsov tau tsim kev loj hlob zoo hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam faience, uas tau yuav tawm lub Hoobkas plooj (porcelain) hauv nroog Konakovo xyoo 1870. Nws tau tsim cov khoom siv tes pleev xim los yog luam tawm cov tais diav. Txog 20 xyoo tom qab, Kuznetsov pib tsim cov tais diav los ntawm semi-faience, porcelain thiab ceramics. Txij li thaum nruab nrab 20s. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, cov nroj tsuag pib nyiam cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov tswv ntawm cov duab kos duab los tsim cov duab kos zoo nkauj ntawm cov tais diav thiab tsim cov duab puab tsiaj. Lawv tej hauj lwm tau nyob rau hauv kev thov, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, pab txhawb kev nthuav dav ntawm ntau lawm.

Lub sijhawm dhau los, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau tswj hwm los tsim ib qho qauv rau lawv cov khoom: cov khoom faience, organic hauv daim ntawv, ua si nrog kev zoo siab ci ntsa iab thiab ci ntsa iab. Konakovo faience tau xa tawm mus rau ntau lub tebchaws. Qee cov khoom tau raug khaws cia zoo rau niaj hnub no.

Semikarakorsk pottery

Semikarakorsky faience yog qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj ntawm thaj av Don. Cov cheeb tsam Rostov tau tsim ceramics txij thaum ub. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb archaeological tau ua pov thawj rau qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua khoom siv hauv tsevSemikarakorsk txij li lub sijhawm ua ntej Christian.

Cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Semikarakorsk faience yog qhov txawv ntawm cov duab qub, paj paj thiab paj ornaments, ntuj scenes, thiab keeb kwm motifs. Masters hauv lawv cov duab kos tau tswj hwm txhua qhov kev zoo nkauj thiab lub zog ntawm lawv thaj av, Don kab lig kev cai, tus ntsuj plig ntawm Cossacks.

Vim rau qib siab ntawm kev kos duab craftsmanship, Semikarakorsky faience yog suav tias yog ib qho kev kos duab thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Tim khoom faience

Faience tau siv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog vim tsis tsuas yog nws cov nqi qis, tab sis kuj yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim cov khoom zoo li no. Feem ntau, cov tais diav yog tsim los ntawm faience: zaub xam lav, phaj rau cov khoom noj txom ncauj thiab cov chav kawm tseem ceeb, cov tais tob, cov tais diav, cov khob cij thiab cov khoom qab zib, cov gravy nkoj, bouillon vases thiab tureens, khob dej kub, mis nyuj hub, mugs, ntsev. shakers thiab qab zib tais. Feem ntau niaj hnub no hauv khw muag khoom koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam ntawm cov khoom vaj tsev ua los ntawm faience, tig ntsej muag vuas, lub tais tso quav. Xws li cov khoom sab hauv ua tim khawv tsis yog rau tus tswv saj zoo xwb, tab sis kuj rau nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv nyiaj txiag.

Yuav ua li cas av nplaum

Txhawm rau tsim kev faience, yuav tsum tau siv ob yam khoom: quartz thiab av nplaum dawb refractory. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic pib nrog kev ua haujlwm tom qab. Yog li, cov av nplaum raug rho tawm ob peb zaug ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1050 ºС, thaum lub sijhawm nws yuav tsum hloov xim. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm qhov kub ntawm 950 ºС, siv cov xim dawb lossis pob tshab glaze. Thaum kawg, rov ua duakub. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam, lub faience loj tseem ntxeem tau thiab tsim nyog rau dai nrog cov duab kos. Yog tias faience raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws yuav khaws cov xim hauv qab kom zoo dua.

Yog li, cov khoom siv mus dhau ntau theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom txog thaum tau txais cov faience tiav. Daim duab ntawm cov txheej txheem ua phaj qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem no.

Faience sanitaryware

Tsis ntev los no, faience sanitary ware tau nrov zuj zus. Nws qhov kev tsim khoom siv qhov chaw raws li kev siv tshuab sib txawv dua li kev tsim cov tais diav lossis cov duab. Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj lub zog siab ntawm cov khoom siv, cov khoom yog coated nrog ib qho tshwj xeeb glaze. Nrog rau kev ua haujlwm kom raug thiab ceev faj, cov khoom siv huv si tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntev, thaum nws yuav zoo ib yam li thaum lub sijhawm yuav khoom.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub qhov txawv av ntawm cov plooj (porcelain)

Ntau tus tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) thiab faience, thiab feem ntau tsis meej pem, txawm tias muaj qee qhov txawv ntawm lawv. Earthenware khoom yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug tsawg degree ntawm whiteness, ntau dua phab ntsa thickness thiab tsawg zog. Cov khoom tiav yog qhov txawv ntawm cov duab du. Earthenware lauj kaub tais diav, piv rau cov plooj (porcelain), tsis tuaj yeem khaws cua sov rau lub sijhawm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom zoo li no tsis tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias. Yog tias cov tais diav ntxuav hauv dej kub, lawv yuav tawg. Yog li ntawd, ntau zaus nws yog qhov ua tau zoo dua los siv cov plooj (porcelain cutlery).

Yuav kom nkag siab zoo npaum li cas cov plooj (porcelain txawv ntawm faience), koj tuaj yeem sivkev sib piv ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Qhov sib txawv thawj thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub sonority ntawm qhov kev kawm. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rhaub maj mam rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub phaj. Cov khoom plooj (porcelain) yuav emit ib tug ntev thiab txawv rumble. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub faience yuav nrov nrog lub suab dull.

Faience kuj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov paib sab nraud. Cov tais diav ua los ntawm cov ceramic no tsis kis lub teeb kiag li. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom raug rho tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog qhov du hauv qab ntawm cov tais diav. Qee lub sij hawm koj tuaj yeem pom kev nyuaj siab me me uas tshwm sim thaum tua. Hauv kev sib piv, hauv qab ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) yeej ib txwm ntxhib.

Cov tswv av yuav tsum ceev faj ntxiv thiab saib xyuas nws tus mob. Yog tias cov kab nrib pleb tshwm, nws yog qhov tsis xav siv cov khoom zoo li no, txij li cov kab mob pathogenic nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov hws ntawm faience thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob.

Yuav ua li cas tu faience

Zoo li txhua lub tais diav, av av yuav tsum tau saib xyuas qee yam. Muab tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm txhawm rau txhawm rau txuas lub neej ntawm faience.

Txoj cai tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov khoom faience tsuas yog ntxuav hauv dej sov, thiab yaug hauv dej txias. Yog tias siv dej kub, qhov tawg me me ntawm cov tais diav, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom raug cuam tshuam.

Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hmoov, yuav tsum tsis txhob siv. Txhawm rau ua kom cov tais diav ua kom tsaus nti, koj tuaj yeem siv cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm ci dej qab zib lossis ntsev nrog vinegar hauv qhov sib piv.1:1 ua. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua nrog cov khoom kub-plated. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov duab kos uas cov khoom faience tau dai kom zoo nkauj yog them nrog glaze. Yog li ntawd, tom qab rov ntxuav dua, lawv nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv qub. Raws li rau gilding, nws yog siv rau glaze thiab maj mam tshem tawm los ntawm kev siv tsis tu ncua. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov xim kub yuav tsum tsis txhob rubbed nyuaj; nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov ntaub mos muag lossis daim txhuam cev. Koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov stains los ntawm cov khoom faience nrog ib daim ntaub dipped hauv ib qho me me ntawm ammonia.

Txawm hais tias qhov zoo ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), tib neeg tseem pheej yuav faience. Qhov no txhawb kom cov tuam txhab ceramic tsim cov khoom tshiab rau ntau lub hom phiaj.