Magnetohydrodynamic generator: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab lub hom phiaj
Magnetohydrodynamic generator: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab lub hom phiaj

Video: Magnetohydrodynamic generator: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab lub hom phiaj

Video: Magnetohydrodynamic generator: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab lub hom phiaj
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Tsis yog txhua qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb tau kawm thiab siv tau zoo txog tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, tib neeg tseem tab tom txhim kho hauv cov kev taw qhia no thiab nrhiav kev xaiv tshiab. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog kom tau txais lub zog los ntawm electrolyte, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug magnetic teb.

Tsim cov nyhuv thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub npe

Thawj qhov haujlwm hauv daim teb no yog ntaus nqi rau Faraday, uas ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj thaum ntxov li 1832. Nws tau tshawb xyuas qhov hu ua magnetohydrodynamic effect, lossis theej, nws tab tom nrhiav rau lub zog tsav hluav taws xob thiab sim ua kom tiav nws. Tam sim no ntawm tus Dej Thames tau siv los ua lub zog. Nrog rau lub npe ntawm cov nyhuv, lub installation kuj tau txais nws lub npe - magnetohydrodynamic generator.

Qhov no MHD ntaus ntawv ncaj qha hloov ib qhodaim ntawv ntawm lub zog mus rau lwm yam, uas yog mechanical rau hauv hluav taws xob. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo li no thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm tag nrho tau piav qhia meej hauv magnetohydrodynamics. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob nws tus kheej tau muaj npe raws li kev qhuab qhia no.

Faraday tshawb xyuas lub tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic
Faraday tshawb xyuas lub tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic

Kev piav qhia ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej. Qhov no yog tib txoj hauv kev kom nkag siab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic hauv kev nqis tes ua. Cov nyhuv yog raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hluav taws xob thiab, ntawm chav kawm, ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv electrolyte. Cov tom kawg yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau yam xov xwm, piv txwv li, kua hlau, ntshav (gas) lossis dej. Los ntawm qhov no peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ua raws li electromagnetic induction, uas siv cov magnetic teb los tsim hluav taws xob.

Nws hloov tawm tias tus neeg xyuas pib yuav tsum sib tshuam nrog cov kab ntawm lub zog. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib qho yuav tsum tau ua rau lub ndlwg ntawm ions nrog opposite nqi piv rau cov tsiv hais kom pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lub ntaus ntawv. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kab teb. Cov hlau nplaum tsim los ntawm lawv txav mus rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov kev coj rov qab los ntawm qhov chaw uas cov nqi ion nyob.

Fais teb nyob rau hauv magnetohydrodynamic generator
Fais teb nyob rau hauv magnetohydrodynamic generator

Kev txhais thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob MHD

Kev teeb tsa yog ib qho khoom siv los hloov thermal zog rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Nws siv tag nrho cov saum toj nonyhuv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, magnetohydrodynamic generators tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm los ua ib lub tswv yim tshiab thiab ua tiav, kev tsim kho ntawm thawj cov qauv uas nyob hauv lub siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Tsis ntev los no, nyiaj txiag rau cov haujlwm zoo li no tau ploj mus vim tsis paub meej. Thawj qhov kev sim teeb tsa tau raug tsim tsa, tab sis lawv siv tau raug tso tseg.

thawj tus qauv tsim ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob magnetodynamic tau piav qhia rov qab rau xyoo 1907-910, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tuaj yeem tsim vim muaj ntau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub cev thiab kev tsim vaj tsev. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem hais qhov tseeb tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem tsis tau tsim tawm uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ib txwm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 2500-3000 degrees Celsius hauv ib puag ncig gaseous. Lavxias teb sab qauv yuav tsum tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tsim MGDES nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Novomichurinsk, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Ryazan cheeb tsam nyob ze rau lub xeev koog tsev kawm ntawv fais fab nroj tsuag. Txoj haujlwm raug muab tso tseg thaum ntxov xyoo 1990.

Nuclear reactor rau magnetohydrodynamic generator
Nuclear reactor rau magnetohydrodynamic generator

Lub cuab yeej ua haujlwm li cas

Tus tsim thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic rau feem ntau rov ua cov tshuab sib txawv. Lub hauv paus yog cov nyhuv ntawm electromagnetic induction, uas txhais tau hais tias ib tug tam sim no tshwm nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias tom kawg hla cov kab hlau nplaum hauv cov cuab yeej. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib qhov sib txawv ntawm lub tshuab thiab MHD generators. Nws nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias rau magnetohydrodynamic variants liTus neeg xyuas pib siv ncaj qha los ntawm lub cev ua haujlwm nws tus kheej.

Qhov kev txiav txim kuj yog raws li cov khoom raug them, uas cuam tshuam los ntawm Lorentz quab yuam. Kev txav ntawm cov kua dej ua haujlwm tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv qhov chaw sib nqus. Vim qhov no, muaj cov ntws ntawm tus nqi thauj khoom nrog cov lus qhia rov qab. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim, MHD generators siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua kua lossis electrolytes. Nws yog lawv uas yog lub cev ua haujlwm heev. Cov kev hloov pauv niaj hnub no tau hloov mus rau plasma. Cov neeg nqa khoom them nqi rau cov tshuab tshiab yog cov ions zoo thiab cov hluav taws xob dawb.

Magnetohydrodynamic generator hauv kev nqis tes ua
Magnetohydrodynamic generator hauv kev nqis tes ua

Tsim MHD generators

Thawj qhov ntawm lub cuab yeej hu ua cov channel uas cov dej ua haujlwm txav mus. Tam sim no, cov tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic feem ntau siv cov ntshav ua lub ntsiab nruab nrab. Cov node tom ntej no yog lub kaw lus ntawm cov hlau nplaum uas yog lub luag haujlwm tsim cov hlau nplaum thiab cov electrodes kom hloov lub zog uas yuav tau txais thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov peev txheej yuav txawv. Ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qhov system.

Tom ntej no, cov pa hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob thiab ua kom sov mus txog qhov ntsuas kub ntawm ionization, uas yog kwv yees li 10,000 Kelvin. Tom qab qhov ntsuas no yuav tsum tau txo. Qhov ntsuas kub poob mus rau 2, 2-2, 7 txhiab Kelvin vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb nrog alkali hlau ntxiv rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Txwv tsis pub, plasma tsis txausdegree zoo, vim hais tias tus nqi ntawm nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity yuav qis dua cov dej tib yam.

Tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam

Lwm cov nodes uas tsim cov qauv tsim ntawm magnetohydrodynamic generator yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws teev nrog rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kab ke uas lawv tshwm sim.

  1. Lub combustion chamber tau txais cov roj ntim rau hauv nws. Oxidizing agents thiab ntau yam additives kuj tau ntxiv.
  2. Cov roj pib hlawv, tso roj los ua cov khoom sib txuas.
  3. Tom ntej, lub tshuab hluav taws xob nozzle tau qhib. Gases hla dhau nws, tom qab ntawd lawv nthuav dav, thiab lawv qhov nrawm nce mus rau qhov nrawm ntawm lub suab.
  4. Qhov kev txiav txim los rau hauv chav tsev uas dhau los ntawm qhov sib nqus ntawm nws tus kheej. Ntawm nws phab ntsa yog tshwj xeeb electrodes. Qhov no yog qhov uas cov pa roj tuaj nyob rau theem ntawm lub voj voog.
  5. Tom qab ntawd lub cev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv los ntawm nws txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb. Cov kev taw qhia tshiab yog raws nraim qhov twg cov electrodes.
  6. The final stage. Ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no yog tsim los ntawm cov electrodes. Qhov no yog qhov uas lub voj voog xaus.
Magnetohydrodynamic generator combustion chamber
Magnetohydrodynamic generator combustion chamber

Kev faib tawm tseem ceeb

Muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau cov khoom tiav, tab sis lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav zoo ib yam hauv ib qho ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, nws muaj peev xwm tso lub tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic ntawm cov roj khoom zoo li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Kuj ua ib qhov chawlub zog, alkali hlau vapors thiab lawv ob-theem sib tov nrog cov kua hlau yog siv. Raws li lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, MHD cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau muab faib ua lub sijhawm ntev thiab lub sijhawm luv, thiab tom kawg - ua rau lub siab thiab tawg. Thaum tshav kub kub muaj xws li nuclear reactors, tshav kub exchangers, thiab dav hlau engine.

Ntxiv rau, kuj tseem muaj kev faib tawm raws li hom kev ua haujlwm. Ntawm no qhov kev faib tshwm sim tsuas yog ua ob hom loj. Qhib lub voj voog tshuab hluav taws xob muaj cov dej ua haujlwm sib xyaw nrog cov khoom ntxiv. Cov khoom combustion mus rau hauv chav ua hauj lwm, qhov chaw uas lawv tau ntxuav ntawm impurities nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem thiab tso tawm rau hauv cov huab cua. Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog kaw, cov dej ua haujlwm nkag mus rau hauv lub tshav kub exchanger thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob chamber. Tom ntej no, cov khoom combustion yog tos rau lub compressor, uas ua tiav lub voj voog. Tom qab ntawd, cov kua dej ua haujlwm rov qab mus rau thawj theem ntawm kev sib hloov cua sov.

Miniature magnetohydrodynamic generator
Miniature magnetohydrodynamic generator

Lub ntsiab nta

Yog tias cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi ua rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tag nrho, ces cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv no yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm. Thawj qhov ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog tej zaum lub hwj chim. Nws yog proportional rau cov conductivity ntawm cov dej ua hauj lwm, nrog rau cov squares ntawm lub magnetic teb lub zog thiab nws ceev. Yog tias cov kua dej ua haujlwm yog cov ntshav ntshav nrog qhov kub ntawm li 2-3 txhiab Kelvin, ces cov conductivity yog proportional rau nws nyob rau hauv 11-13 degrees thiab inversely proportional rau lub square cag ntawm lub siab.

Koj yuav tsum muab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus nqi ntws thiabmagnetic teb induction. Thawj ntawm cov yam ntxwv no txawv heev, xws li los ntawm subsonic speeds mus rau hypersonic speeds mus txog 1900 meters ib ob. Raws li rau induction ntawm magnetic teb, nws nyob ntawm tus tsim ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Yog hais tias lawv yog ua los ntawm cov hlau, ces lub sab sauv bar yuav teem nyob ib ncig ntawm 2 T. Rau lub kaw lus uas muaj cov hlau nplaum superconducting, tus nqi no nce mus rau 6-8 T.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm MHD generators

Kev siv dav ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub no tsis pom. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm theoretically tsim cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob nrog magnetohydrodynamic generators. Muaj peb qhov kev hloov pauv siv tau hauv tag nrho:

  1. Fusion fais fab nroj tsuag. Lawv siv lub voj voog tsis muaj neutron nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob MHD. Nws yog kev cai siv cov ntshav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias li roj.
  2. Tshav kub fais fab nroj tsuag. Ib hom qhib lub voj voog yog siv, thiab kev teeb tsa lawv tus kheej yog qhov yooj yim heev ntawm cov qauv tsim. Nws yog qhov kev xaiv no uas tseem muaj kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho.
  3. Nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Cov kua dej ua haujlwm hauv qhov no yog cov roj inert. Nws yog rhuab nyob rau hauv ib tug nuclear reactor nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw voj voog. Nws kuj muaj kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ua tau ntawm daim ntawv thov yog nyob ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm nuclear reactors nrog cov dej ua haujlwm kub siab tshaj 2 txhiab Kelvin.
Cav raws li magnetohydrodynamic generator
Cav raws li magnetohydrodynamic generator

Txoj Kev Pom Zoo

Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm magnetohydrodynamic generators nyob ntawm ntau yam thiabteeb meem tseem tsis tau daws. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv no los tsim cov tam sim no ncaj qha, uas txhais tau hais tias rau lawv cov kev saib xyuas nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj zog txaus thiab, ntxiv rau, kev lag luam inverters.

Lwm qhov teeb meem pom yog qhov tsis muaj cov khoom tsim nyog uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau ntev txaus nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov roj cua kub kom sov. Tib yam siv rau cov electrodes siv nyob rau hauv xws li generators.

Lwm yam siv

Ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob, cov cuab yeej no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, uas yuav pab tau zoo rau lub zog nuclear. Kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob magnetohydrodynamic kuj tau tso cai nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob hypersonic, tab sis tam sim no tsis muaj kev vam meej hauv cheeb tsam no.

Pom zoo: