Daim txhuam cev hlau: cov cuab yeej, txoj kev tau txais, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Daim txhuam cev hlau yog tau los ntawm kev txo cov concentrates lossis cov hlau zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kub thiab txias - tsawg dua 1100 degrees Celsius. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tsis suav nrog smelting ntawm cov ore thiab nws sintering.

History

Nws tau ua pov thawj ntev dhau los tias nws tuaj yeem tau hlau los ntawm ore tam sim ntawd. Raws li kev kuaj mob, cov txheej txheem no yooj yim rau kev siv. Yog li ntawd, metallurgists tau ntsib nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev rho tawm cov hlau hauv cov khoom lag luam ncaj qha los ntawm cov ore. Tam sim no cov txheej txheem no tau pom thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom.

Hlau tau ncaj qha los ntawm ore yog hu ua spongy. Thiab cov retrieval txoj kev yog domainless los yog ncaj qha rov txoj kev.

Thawj qhov kev sim ua kom tau cov hlau nplaum uas tsis siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob tawg hauv lub tebchaws Soviet tau ua nyob rau xyoo 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.

Thawj qhov kev tsim cov hlau no tau qhia rau hauv kev lag luam hauv 70s. Thawj cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov sponge hlau yam tsis tas siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob tawg tau sib txawv insignificantly.kev ua tau zoo. Cov khoom uas tshwm sim muaj ntau yam impurities.

Natural gas muab lub zog tshiab rau qhov kev tsim khoom no. Nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, nws pib lug siv nyob rau hauv mining thiab metallurgical ntau lawm. Tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias nws yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev siv ntawm kev txo qis ntawm cov hlau los ntawm ore. Ntxiv mus, lwm cov pa roj carbon monoxide kuj tau pib siv dav (cov roj sib txuas los ntawm cov roj ntau lawm, cov roj feem ntau thaum lub sij hawm gasification ntawm ntau coals, thiab lwm yam).

Txhim kho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab lawv cov lus qhia hauv 90s coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias lub zog siv zog thiab cov nqi peev ntawm kev txo cov hlau ncaj qha tau txo qis. Ib qho kev nce ntxiv hauv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau tawg tau pib.

Direct non-domain production of sponge iron - processes when metal is recovered from ore with the help of gases, solid carbon. Thiab tseem ua ke - khoom carbon thiab roj. Nws yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov kub ntawm txog 1000 degrees Celsius. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub ntuj pob zeb tsis yog coj mus rau slagging, impurities nyob rau hauv nws yog tsis rov qab los, vim hais tias ntawm cov hlau yog txaus ntshiab. Cov kws tshaj lij hu cov txheej txheem no thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus:

• ncaj qha ntawm daim txhuam cev hlau;
• tsis muaj coke metallurgy;
• domainless metallurgy;
• ib nrab metallization ntawm ore.

Tam sim no, txoj hauv kev ntawm cov hlau mining los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam tau siv nyob rau hauv Russia, Tuam Tshoj, Sweden, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Great Britain, Norway thiablwm lub teb chaws.

Txhua txoj kev paub tau muab faib ua ob pawg:

• hlau yog tsim thaum cov ore raug rau ib tug gaseous txo tus neeg sawv cev;
• nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom txo qis ntawm cov hlau ore.

Txoj hauv kev tsim cov ntaub txhuam hniav siv cov txheej txheem tsis muaj npe tau patented rau yuav luag tsib puas.

Txuag hlau nrog cov khoom siv roj

Hydrogen thiab carbon monoxide yog siv los txo cov pa roj. Feem ntau, ib txoj kev siv thaum hlau ore crushed thiab rhuab mus rau 850 degrees, ua raws li los ntawm roasting. Tom qab ntawd nws raug xa mus rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob teb. Nyob ntawd, cov hlau raug txo nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txo cov pa roj carbon monoxide mus rau ore loj. Ua ntej tawm hauv qhov cub, nws nkag mus rau hauv lub thawv txias. Cov khoom kawg yog tom qab siv lub pob zeb.

Tom qab, cov huab hwm coj dhau los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb sib nqus sib cais. Cov hlau txheeb los ntawm cov khoom sib cais ces mus rau hauv cov xovxwm, uas ua cov ntaub txhuam hniav hlau rau hauv briquettes.

Tau txais hlau los ntawm tus neeg ua kom txo qis

Yog tias qhov kev tsim khoom siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim cov hlau nplaum los ntawm kev txo qis, ces txoj kev no suav nrog cov haujlwm hauv qab no:

• crushing thiab sib tsoo ore;
• kom ua tiav qhov siab ntawm cov hlau, tsis pub ntau tshaj 3% gangue, kev sib nqus ua kom zoo dua;
• ua kom cov ore yog tov nrog cov roj organic, uas suav nrog sawdust thiab lwm yam organic zoo sib xwscov qauv;
• tsim kom muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm briquettes, ua raws li lawv hloov mus rau qhov cub kom tua.

Kev rov qab los ntawm cov hlau tshwm sim vim yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas muaj nyob hauv briquettes.

Cov tau txais daim txhuam cev hlau, ob qho tib si hauv cov khoom thiab cov roj txo qis, yog tom qab xa mus rau cov txheej txheem ua kom tau cov hlau.

Remelting feem ntau yog ua nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thaum xav tau cov pa roj carbon thiab lwm yam impurities tau nkag rau hauv cov hlau.

Kev faib cov txheej txheem

Metallurgists faib cov txheej txheem ntawm blast-kuav hlau ntau lawm raws li hom khoom kawg, uas yog:

• ntau lawm ntawm cov khoom siv rau lub qhov cub tawg nrog ib nrab metallization (ntawm 30 txog 50 feem pua);
• tsim cov hlau spongy, cov khoom lag luam, cov khoom siv zoo heev (los ntawm 85 mus rau 95 feem pua), rau kev ua cov hlau tom ntej;
• tsim cov hlau tawg paj, cov khoom yas metallized;
• tsim cov khoom ib nrab lossis kua hlau rau cov txheej txheem smelting ntxiv.

Direct Restore khoom

Plaub hom feem ntau faib ua cov khoom txo cov hlau ncaj qha:

• spongy;
• metallized nqi;
• flashy;
• cam khwb cia hlau los yog carbon intermediate.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws

Nws tau txais los ntawm cov txheej txheem thaum txo cov hlau tshwm sim yam tsis muaj melting, ntawm qhov kub ntawm tsawg dua 1000-1200 degrees Celsius. taug kevlos ntawm qhov pib raw khoom yog, cov ntaub txhuam cev hlau - cov khoom ntxeem tau, lossis pellets. Qee zaum, nws yog cov hmoov hlau. Thaum cov hlau no tseem muaj qhov tseeb tias nws muaj qhov porosity siab (zoo li daim txhuam cev) vim qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sij hawm kho dua tshiab, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw tau hloov pauv me ntsis.

Qhov ntxeem tau ntawm cov hlau no ua rau muaj kev oxidation siab thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia thiab kev thauj mus los, thaum raug rau ib puag ncig tsis zoo (cov av noo siab).

Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau no tshuav nws cov khoom xyaw rau cov khoom qub (ore). Piv nrog rau seem, daim txhuam cev hlau yog huv dua. Nws muaj qhov tsawg tsawg ntawm impurities ntawm lwm cov hlau.

Tsis tas li ntawd, daim txhuam cev hlau tau los ntawm kev txo ncaj qha kuj yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov muaj pob zeb tsis muaj pob zeb hauv nws. Vim lub fact tias cov khoom siv yog nplua nuj concentrates thiab ores, nws tsis raug rau purification ntxiv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, hlau muaj tag nrho cov kev suav nrog ntawm cov pob zeb pov tseg ntawm cov khoom qub.

Daim txhuam cev hlau tau pom nws txoj hauv kev ua hlau, hlau hmoov ua thiab tooj liab carburizing.

Metallized nqi

Ib feem txo cov hlau yog hu ua metallized charge. Nws yog siv los ua kom txias cov txheej txheem smelting, ntxiv rau tom qab melting nyob rau hauv blast furnaces. Cov theem rov qab ntawm cov nqi metallized yog qis dua 80%. Daim txhuam cev hlau yog ntau huv, degreenws txoj kev rov qab los yog tshaj 90%.

Qhia hlau

Damn-free hlau yog tsim nyob rau hauv tubular teb kilns. Nws qhov kub thiab txias yog nyob ntawm 1100 txog 1200 degrees Celsius. Cov khoom no yog cov hlau me me uas slag impurities. Qhov ntim ntawm slag nyob rau hauv bloomery hlau yog siab, txog 10-20 feem pua. Cov hlau no yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov impurities tseem ceeb ntawm leej faj thiab phosphorus.

Thov kritsu rau tom qab remelting hauv qhov cub tawg. Cov thev naus laus zis sib cais siv cov khoom no hauv kev tsim cov hlau hauv hluav taws xob.

Carbon intermediate lossis cam khwb cia hlau

Cov khoom no yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv roj rov qab. Raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv, lawv zoo ib yam li cov smelted nyob rau hauv blast furnaces. Dab tsi ntxiv, semi-carbon lossis cam khwb cia hlau yog qee zaum tau nrog cov teeb meem txawv teb chaws tsawg dua.

Ua haujlwm ntxiv nrog cov ntaub ntawv no kom tau txais cov hlau yog ua raws li kev cai ib txwm muaj.