Catalytic hloov kho yog kev siv thev naus laus zis nrog ib puas xyoo ntawm keeb kwm

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Cov khoom siv roj tau paub rau noob neej txij thaum immemorial. Nws yog siv los muab cov roj thiab cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov hluavtaws fibers thiab cov yas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tib neeg ib txwm nrhiav kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev ua cov fossil fuels. Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog kev hloov kho catalytic, tus txheej txheem uas ua rau cov roj av zoo thiab muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons.

Txoj kev no ntawm cov roj refining tau tsim rov qab rau xyoo 1911, thiab txij li xyoo 1939 cov thev naus laus zis tau siv los ntawm kev lag luam. Txij thaum ntawd los, txoj kev ntawm distillation ntawm fossil fuels tau tas li txhim kho. Niaj hnub no nws sawv cev rau ib txoj hauv kev nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab ua tau zoo los tsim cov roj av octane siab.

roj distillation

Catalytic hloov kho yog txheej txheem ntawm dehydrogenation (tshem tawm ntawm hydrogen molecule los ntawm cov organic tebchaw) ntawm rau-tus tswv cuab naphthenes nyob rau hauv muaj cov nickel thiab qee qhovlwm cov platinum pab pawg hlau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas ua rau muaj cov tshuaj tsw qab. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov no yog txheej txheem uas ua rau kom tau txais cov khoom lag luam siab-octane - hloov pauv - los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo - cov roj av ncaj qha.

Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas kev hloov pauv tau dhau los ua qhov kev txhawj xeeb rau ib puag ncig. Ua ntej qhov no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob txhuas tau siv los tsim cov roj av siab-octane. Yuav luag tsis muaj emissions los ntawm kev hloov kho.

khoom tau txais

Siv cov thev naus laus zis no, nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws - benzene, toluene, aromatic hydrocarbons. Niaj hnub no, kev hloov pauv catalytic yog txheej txheem uas tsim tau txog li 480 lab tons ntawm petrochemicals ib xyoos twg thoob ntiaj teb.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb kawg ntawm lub voj voog ntau lawm yog hloov pauv - roj av nrog qhov ntsuas octane ntawm 93-102.

Tib lub sijhawm, paraffinic by-products yog tsim, nrog rau 90% hydrogen gas, uas yog purest tshaj tau los ntawm lwm txoj kev.

Lwm yam khoom nrog rau kev hloov kho catalytic yog coke. Nws yog tso rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov catalysts, txo lawv cov kev ua si. Lawv tab tom sim txo nws tus lej.

Catalytic hloov kho tshuab

Ncaj-khiav roj av, roj nrog tus lej octane qis, ua raws li cov khoom noj rau kev hloov kho catalytic. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv 3-4 reactors, uas muaj ib tug ruaj catalyst txaj. Cov reactors yog interconnected los ntawm cov kav dej nrog ib tug complex multi-chamber system thiab cua sov ntawm kev hloov khoom.

Catalysts rau kev hloov pauv catalytic yog cov cab kuj - alumina (A1203) cuam tshuam nrog platinum crystals. Hauv reactors ntawm qhov kub ntawm 480-520 ° C thiab lub siab ntawm 1.2 txog 4 MPa, cov khoom siv raw tau hloov mus rau hauv high-octane isoparaffin thiab cov tshuaj tsw qab.

Ntau zaus, txhawm rau txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev ruaj ntseg, cov hlau kim dua (rhenium, germanium, iridium), nrog rau halogens - chlorine thiab fluorine, tau nkag mus rau hauv thev naus laus zis.

Type of catalytic reforming

Txog hnub tim, ntau txoj hauv kev tau tsim los tsim cov roj av siab-octane thiab cov roj uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov tshuaj catalytic. Txhua lub tuam txhab txawv teb chaws khaws nws tus kheej txoj kev tsim khoom zais cia. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txhua tus ua raws li peb txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb:

1. Roj hloov kho ib txhij hauv peb lossis plaub lub reactors tsis tu ncua. Nws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias cov catalyst ntawm cov txheej txheem ua ntej tag nrho txhim kho nws lub peev xwm, tom qab ntawd cov reactors raug nres kom txog rau thaum lub accelerator restores nws cov khoom.
2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua hauv 2-3 kev teeb tsa - cov reagent tau rov qab ua ntu zus hauv txhua qhov system raws li nws tsim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem tsis nres, thiab cov regenerative reactor hloov los ntawm "floating", ntxiv ib qho.

Zoo tshajKev tsim khoom tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua nrog kev siv cov tshuab regenerating units thiab reactors. Lub catalyst, raws li nws cov khoom deteriorate, yog muab tso rau hauv ib tug regenerating chamber, thiab ib tug "tsis ntev los no txo reagent" los nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw, lub ncig ntawm txhuas-platinum tebchaw yuav siv qhov chaw.

Main problem

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas nrog kev hloov kho yog tsim cov coke ntau, uas txo cov peev xwm catalytic ntawm alumina-platinum cov ntaub ntawv. Kev daws rau qhov teeb meem no yog hlawv tawm coke deposits nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom reacting siv cov pa-inert sib tov ntawm qhov kub ntawm 300-500 degrees Celsius. Cov txheej txheem no hauv zej zog scientific hu ua regeneration.

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom rov qab tau tag nrho cov catalytic caij. Raws li nws siv, nws muaj hnub nyoog irretrievably, tom qab uas nws raug xa mus rau tshwj xeeb factories, qhov twg platinum thiab lwm yam kim hlau yog muab rho tawm los ntawm nws.

Catalytic Reformers

Txoj kev ua cov roj hluav taws xob no yog ua los ntawm ntau hom kev teeb tsa. Rau npe ob peb ntawm lawv:

• Selectoforming. Ntawm no, tus hloov kho muab cov txheej txheem catalytic dehydrogenation nrog xaiv hydrocracking.
• Platforming. Nws muaj 3 reactors, thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov catalysts yog los ntawm 6 txog 12 lub hlis.
• Ultraforming. Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev teeb tsa nrog lub "floating" reactor, uas ua cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txo cov reagent.
• Isoplus. Raukom tau txais cov khoom, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho thiab thermal tawg yog ua ke.

Kev hloov pauv roj ntau tshaj plaws tau txais nyob rau hauv North America - ntawm no txhua xyoo cov txheej txheem txog li 180 lab tons ntawm cov roj ntuj. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob yog cov teb chaws Europe - lawv suav txog 93 lab tons. Russia kaw peb sab saum toj nrog kev tsim tawm txhua xyoo txog li 50 lab tons roj.