Tungsten, molybdenum: daim ntawv thov alloy

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Ntuj tsim cov ntxhia uas muaj tungsten nyob rau hauv ntau lub tebchaw thiab kev lag luam, thaum mining yog technically ua tau thiab economically ua tau - tungsten, molybdenum nyob rau hauv ores, raws li zoo raws li beryllium, tin, tooj liab, bismuth, qee zaus mercury, antimony, nyiaj., kub, arsenic, tantalum, sulfur, scandium, niobium - lub ntiaj teb, txiav txim los ntawm lub npe ntawm lawv pab pawg neeg, yog tsis nplua nuj nyob rau hauv xws li tsawg ntiaj teb hlau. Ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm tungsten ore - molybdenum, zoo li feem ntau lwm tus, yog muab rho tawm thaum lub sij hawm ntxiv thiab hloov mus rau hauv kev xaiv lossis kev sib koom ua ke.

Yuav ua li cas tungsten tshwm

Swedish chemist Karl Scheele, kws muag tshuaj los ntawm kev cob qhia, ua kev sim hauv nws lub chaw kuaj mob. Nyob ntawd nws pom manganese, barium, chlorine, txawm tias oxygen rau noob neej. Tag nrho nws lub neej nws tsis tau ua dab tsi tab sis ua kev tshawb pom, uas nws tau txais mus rau hauv Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Thiab txawm tsis ntev ua ntej nws tuag hauv 1781, nws tsis ua nws nyiam.nres, yog li muab ib qho khoom plig zoo rau peb.

Thaum sim, Karl Scheele pom tias tungsten (ib qho ntxhia tom qab hu ua scheelite hauv nws txoj kev hwm) yog ntsev ntawm qee cov kua qaub uas tseem tsis tau paub. Nws yog ib qho kev tshawb pom loj, tab sis tsuas yog ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Spain thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau cais cov khoom tshiab los ntawm cov ntxhia no, uas ua rau tag nrho cov postulates hauv kev lag luam upside down. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev hloov pauv no tsis tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, ib puas xyoo dhau los ua ntej nws paub meej tias cov khoom tshwj xeeb tungsten muaj dab tsi.

Kev sib cais

Nyob ntawm qhov tso nyiaj, tag nrho cov tungsten ores tau muab faib ua ob hom: exogenous thiab endogenous. Ntawm cov tom kawg yog skarn, pegmatite, vein-vein (hydrothermal), grazer hom genetic ores, uas tau ua ke rau hauv peb lub ntsiab ore formations. Cov no yog tungsten - tin, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

Qee lub sij hawm tungsten pom nyob rau hauv pegmatites, los ntawm qhov twg nws thiab scheelite raug rho tawm raws txoj kev, mining beryl, cassiterite, tantalum, niobates los yog spodumene. Pegmatite deposits - qhov chaw ntawm alluvial placer tsim - yog tsim feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv Southeast Asia thiab Africa.

Tshuag

Tungsten, molybdenum nyob rau hauv ores yog ze ze rau granite intrusions, lawv apical qhov chaw, qhov twg ru tsev deposits tau pom, feem ntau nrog ore stockworks, ob qho tib si intra- thiab supra-intrusive.

Lawv yog cloak-zoo li deposits nyob rau hauv cov duab,isometric thiab oval nrog feem ntau cov txaj txaj. Kuj tseem muaj lub cev columnar ore thiab cov khoom ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua. Cov reserves ntawm deposits nyob qhov twg molybdenum, tungsten thiab lwm yam tsawg lub ntiaj teb minerals tam sim no yuav luag tsis muaj loj reserves. Ore kwv yees tsuas yog kaum tawm, tsis tshua muaj ntau pua txhiab tons.

Production

Molybdenum, tungsten thiab lwm yam hydrothermal ores nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm exo- thiab endocontact ntawm granite massifs, uas tsim heev ntev nyob rau hauv qhov tob - mus txog rau ib tug kilometer - tag nrho cov hlab ntsha ntawm ntxhab poob, ntau tsawg zaus muaj. yog qhov nruab nrab poob ntawm cov leeg. Tseem muaj cov khoom lag luam. Ore lub cev yog tsim los ntawm quartz-wolframite-cassiterite, quartz-wolframite inclusions, feem ntau nrog molybdenum, beryl thiab bismuth, interspersed nrog quartz-molybdenite-scheelite los yog quartz-scheelite ores.

Feem ntau cov ores no muaj tungsten, molybdenum, lwm yam hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb: tungsten los ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab mus rau ib thiab ib nrab feem pua, ntau zaus - tsawg dua. Thiab qhov no yog nrog ore reserves ntawm ob peb txhiab los yog ob peb kaum tawm txhiab tons, uas kuj yog heev, tsawg heev. Kev khawb av feem ntau yog ua los ntawm txoj kev hauv av lossis qhib qhov av.

Txoj kev mining

Tungsten deposits koom nrog txoj kev tsuas yog los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov txheej txheem lossis los ntawm kab rov tav magnifying ore nyob rau hauv cov txheej hauv mined blocks. Txoj kev goaf backfill kuj tseem siv, uas yog qhov zoo thaum mining leeg, skarn lossis greisen deposits.

Qhib txoj kevqhia txog qhov muaj ntawm shutterworks, skarn los yog greisen deposits los yog placers. Hauv quarries qhov twg tungsten, molybdenum ore yog mined, kev thauj mus los thiab kev pov tseg sab nraud feem ntau ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsuas yog yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuab - cuaj caum-tsib feem pua. Tab sis txoj hauj lwm tsis xaus ntawm no. Ores yuav tsum tau txais txiaj ntsig, txij li qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ib thiab ib nrab feem pua lawv muaj cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb - tungsten, molybdenum.

Nyiaj

Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm yav dhau los USSR, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws deposits ntawm tungsten ore tau tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, Eastern Siberia thiab Far East, lub Caucasus thiab Central Asia. Tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tab tom tsim. Txawv teb chaws, kev ua ntawm tungsten thiab molybdenum yog nqa tawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv South Kauslim thiab Tuam Tshoj. Muaj cov deposits tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tsis tas li ntawd, tungsten yog mined hauv Portugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, USA, Fabkis, Austria thiab Turkey.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais ntawm no tias cov tebchaws Esxias yav Qab Teb thiab nws txoj siv Pacific ore siv ntau dua rau caum feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov tungsten reserves hauv ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nyob rau hauv lub explored deposits ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tag nrho cov reserves ntawm tungsten yog ntau tsawg tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab lab tons. Piv txwv li, txog 4,278,200 tons ntawm kub yog mined txhua xyoo (tsis nyob rau hauv reserves, tab sis muab tso rau hauv siv)

Properties

Ua ib qho ntawm cov hlau refractory tshaj plaws, tungsten yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov chaw uas cuam tshuam nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Yuav ua li cas cov tshuaj lom neeg Wolframium (W) nyob rau hauv pawg plaubperiodic system. Nws cov atomic loj yog 183, 85, thiab tus naj npawb 74. Nws tau txais nws lub npe vim nws lub teeb grey xim - los ntawm German hma thiab Rahm yog txhais ua "hma" thiab "cream", lus - "hma ua npuas ncauj". Txawm tias nws refractoriness, nws yog ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov zaub mov uas muab tungsten yog scheelite thiab wolframite.

Tungsten yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob superhard-resistant steels - kev kub ceev thiab cov cuab yeej steel, nrog rau cov alloys nrog tib lub zog - stellite, yeej thiab lwm yam. Tab sis peb pom cov tungsten ntshiab txhua hnub, vim nws tau dav siv hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Piv txwv li, tungsten filaments hauv incandescent teeb. Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv xov tooj cua hluav taws xob. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj cathodes thiab anodes ua los ntawm cov hlau no.

Alloy qib

Tungsten thiab molybdenum ua yog qhov nyuaj tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev. Kev lag luam paub ntau lub npe, ntawm cov uas muaj ntau dua thiab tsawg dua. Tungsten yog ntshiab, nrog additives thiab nyob rau hauv alloys nrog rau lwm yam hlau. Yog li, BP qib sib txawv - ib qho alloy ntawm tungsten thiab rhenium; VL - nrog lanthanum oxide ua ib qho ntxiv; VI - nrog yttrium oxide; VT - thorium oxide ua ib qho ntxiv; VM - nrog silica thiab thorium additive; VA - nrog silicon-alkali thiab aluminium additives; HF - ntshiab tungsten.

Tungsten ua lub hauv paus rau cov alloys nyuaj, thiab ib qho hlau ntawm tungsten thiab molybdenum yog kub resistant, zoo li lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog nws kev koom tes, hnav-resistant cuab yeej steel yog npaj. Los ntawm cov hlau nontau qhov chaw ntawm lub cav yog tsim - aviation thiab chaw, nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv electrovacuum - ntau qhov chaw thiab filaments. Txij li qhov ceev ntawm cov hlau no yog siab heev, nws yog siv rau counterweights, rau cov mos txwv thiab artillery shells, rau ballistic missiles (flight stabilization, tungsten tuaj yeem tiv taus tag nrho ib puas yim caum txhiab revolutions ib feeb), rau ultra-high-speed rotors., hlau xws li tungsten, molybdenum kuj tseem siv tau. Lawv daim ntawv thov, raws li peb pom, yog dav heev thiab txawm, ib tug yuav hais, elegant.

thaj chaw thov

Yog tsis muaj cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb no, uas yog chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, tsis muaj tshuaj lossis nuclear physics tuaj yeem ua tau niaj hnub no. Ib qho crystals ntawm tag nrho cov tungstates ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm X-rays, nrog rau lwm cov hluav taws xob ionizing. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe_{2) yog siv rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm thermal zog rau hauv hluav taws xob. Txawm tias TIG vuam siv tungsten li electrode.}

Tungsten compounds tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv dav. Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw thiab cov alloys nyuaj raws li tungsten carbide yog xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm ob qho tib si hlau thiab cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering: milling, tig, chiselling, npaj. Cov alloys nyuaj tam sim no tseem ceeb rau kev drilling qhov dej thiab hauv kev lag luam mining, thiab rau qhov no peb xav tau tungsten, molybdenum - ntau lawm yog mastering tshiab technologies nrog lawv pab.

Hom khoom tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb hlau

WS_{2 (tungsten sulfide) yog cov roj kub kub uas tuaj yeem tiv taus txog tsib puas degrees Celsius. Qhov twg cov khoom siv electrolyte raug tsim (cov roj kub kub), tungsten trioxide yog siv. Kev lag luam textile, pleev xim thiab kua roj vanish tau txhim kho thiab cov thev naus laus zis nyuaj, siv cov tungsten tebchaw ua cov catalyst thiab pigment hauv organic synthesis.}

Kev lag luam tsim ntau yam khoom lag luam uas muaj tungsten, molybdenum thiab lwm yam hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb. Feem ntau yog electrodes, hlau, tungsten hmoov, ntawv thiab pas nrig. Cov electrodes yeej tsis yaj thiab yog li ntawd yuav siv tau rau vuam siab alloy steels, non-ferrous hlau thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas sib txawv tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tsis muaj lwm yam electrode yuav muab lub zog zoo li no.

YMolybdenum

Molybdenum alloys thiab molybdenum nws tus kheej yog cov khoom siv refractory. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hlau los yog daim kab xev rau cov cua sov - hluav taws xob furnaces, txawm tias cov kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hydrogen ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 1600 ° C. Molybdenum tin thiab hlau yog xav tau nyob rau hauv xov tooj cua-electronic kev lag luam, lawv kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv X-ray engineering, molybdenum yog siv los ua ntau yam rau X-ray raj, hluav taws xob teeb, thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev twj.

Ntxiv rau, molybdenum, zoo li tungsten, tau siv dav los txhim kho cov hlau. Molybdenum additive tsub kom lub zog, hardenability, corrosion kuj, toughness. Yog li ntawd, tungsten thiab molybdenum yog siv los tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab feem ntaucov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Rau hardness, stellites - chromium thiab cob alt - yog nkag mus rau hauv xws li ib tug alloy nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav weld npoo ntawm hnav qhov chaw. Chrome, molybdenum, tungsten - xws li cov hlau yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau muab ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw hauv ntau cov kua qaub-resistant thiab kub-resistant alloys.

Space

Ib qho hlau ntawm tungsten thiab molybdenum hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub taub hau ntawm txhua lub foob pob hluav taws thiab lub dav hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog, tungsten yog nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, thiab molybdenum nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov kub txog li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab degrees Celsius coj cov alloys nrog molybdenum mus rau thawj qhov chaw. Yog tias qhov kub thiab txias dua, ces tungsten thiab tantalum yog invincible. Molybdenum yog siv los ua honeycomb panels ntawm txhua lub dav hlau ya dav hlau, lub plhaub ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav thiab cov foob pob hluav taws uas rov qab los rau lub ntiaj teb, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib hloov, cov ntaub thaiv hluav taws xob, cov tis ntug trim, stabilizers.

Qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyuaj, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb pab. Los ntawm cov khoom zoo li no tuaj yeem cia siab tias muaj kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab roj yaig, siab zog thiab muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov cuam tshuam. Ntau qhov chaw ntawm turbojet thiab foob pob ua ntxaij cav, tail skirts, turbine blades, nozzle shutters, tswj chaw, foob pob ua ntxaij cav nozzles thiab lwm yam - molybdenum copes nrog tag nrho cov no nyuaj txoj hauj lwm.

Nyob ntiaj teb

Cov ntaub ntawv cog lus rau cov khoom siv uas ua haujlwm hauv phosphoric, sulfuric thiab hydrochloric acids yog tsim los ntawm molybdenum thiab nws cov alloys. Nws yog ruaj khov txawm nyob rau hauv molten iav, thiab yog li ntawd cov iav kev lag luam dav sivmolybdenum ua electrodes rau melting.

Qws thiab pwm rau kev kub siab casting ntawm tooj liab, zinc thiab aluminium alloys yog tsim los ntawm nws cov alloys. Nrog molybdenum, steels yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv siab - xovxwm tuag, tuag, mandrels ntawm tho mills. Molybdenum steel nws tus kheej kuj zoo heev.