Coal - ua nag hmo, hnub no thiab tag kis

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Ib zaug Mendeleev hais tias kev poob dej nrog roj zoo li pov ntawv nyiaj rau hauv qhov cub. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog thee. Recycling txo lub nra ntawm ib puag ncig thiab xyaum tshem tawm sulfur-muaj teeb meem impurities los ntawm thee. Cia peb xav txog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov thee, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig thiab cov khoom tau los ntawm nws.

Neeg dhau los

Txiv neej tau paub txog cov roj ua roj txij thaum tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub. Tab sis raws li kev lag luam ywj pheej, kev lag luam thee sawv tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov thee tau pib siv ntau heev - roj rau kev thauj mus los, hluav taws xob tsim khoom, metallurgy, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, tsheb thiab nkoj tsim, thiab lwm yam.

Cov txheej txheem rau kev ua cov thee tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th kom qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw tau siab dua. Lawv tau nrog qhov tsis zoo, xws li cov khoom lag luam qis, cov thav duab nrujkev siv cov txheej txheem. Tab sis nrog kev qhia txog ntau yam catalysts rau hauv cov txheej txheem, cov khoom lag luam tawm los ua siab dua, thiab yog li pheej yig dua, thiab cov txheej txheem dhau los tsis tas yuav tsum ua raws li txhua yam kev mob.

Hnub no, kev khawb thiab ua cov thee yog ib kauj ruam mus rau yav tom ntej. Nws yog ua nyob rau hauv tsib txoj kev. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev nyob ntawm qhov khoom kawg xav tau.

Pyrolysis

Txoj kev ua cov thee no tau siv sijhawm ntev. Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub lig 90s. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, lawv paub yuav ua li cas kom sov thee yam tsis muaj cua nkag mus ua kom puas polymer molecules, ua raws li los ntawm lawv transformation. Thermochemical ua cov khoom tuaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom, kua thiab gaseous xeev.

niaj hnub coking (lwm lub npe rau pyrolysis) yog ua los ntawm qhov kub ntawm 900 txog 1100 ° C. Cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem yog coke, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv metallurgical kev lag luam, ob qho tib si ferrous thiab non-ferrous, nrog rau cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm gases thiab vapors.

Txog 250 cov tshuaj tom qab tau rov qab los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias sib tov, suav nrog benzene, naphthalene, phenols, ammonia thiab heterocyclic compounds. Kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom siv catalyst rau hauv cov txheej txheem tau pab tsim cov coke nrog cov qauv zoo-grained sab hauv - hom khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau ntawm coke coj mus muag.

Semi-coking

Yuav kom tau roj (kua lossis gaseous) los ntawm cov thee los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 500 ° C yog siv. Cov txheej txheem kuj tsis yog tshiab, nws tau paub ntev. Yav dhau los, lub hom phiaj yog kom tau txais cov khoom siv roj los ntawm cov xim av xim av, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov thee los ntawm semi-coking nrog kev siv cov oxidation catalyst tau nce qhov kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig ntawm cov khoom kawg, nws tau txo cov concentration ntawm carcinogens thiab cov khoom tsis zoo. Cov resin tshwm sim yog siv los tsim cov kuab tshuaj thiab roj.

Kev puas tsuaj hydrogenation

Txoj kev ua cov thee no yog txhawm rau hloov cov roj khoom rau hauv "cov roj hluavtaws" ntawm qhov kub ntawm 400-500 ° C thiab nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm hydrogen. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua li no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nyob rau xyoo 1930 thiab 1940, thawj cov tuam txhab lag luam tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Great Britain, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub USSR cov txheej txheem yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug industrial scale xwb nyob rau hauv lub 1950s.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm txhuas, molybdenum thiab cob alt yog siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv cov roj refining. Thaum xub thawj, nws kuj tau siv rau cov thee, tab sis, raws li nws tau muab tawm, cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ua kom pheej yig dua, tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, siv cov hlau ore - magnetite, pyrite lossis pyrrhotite - ua cov catalyst. Xws li cov txiaj ntsig tau yooj yim los xam, yog tias koj paub tias catalysis tshwm sim tsis ncaj. Thee dhau mus rau hauv cov kua theem tsis nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hydrogen molecules, tab sis los ntawm kev hloov ntawm hydrogen atoms los ntawm cov organic solvent molecules mus rau lub molecules ntawm thee tivthaiv. Cov catalyst tsuas yog xav tau los kho cov khoom hnyav uas ploj lawm thaum tshem tawm hydrogen atoms.

Gasification

Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig huab cua uas muaj cov pa oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide thiab chav, cov thee khoom tau dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev gaseous. Qhov no yog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem. Muaj txog 20 technologies. Peb yuav tsis nyob ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv hauv kev nthuav dav, tab sis xav txog seb qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub catalyst tuaj yeem pab tau li cas.

Ntxiv rau qhov ua tau zoo, nrog rau cov catalyst nws tuaj yeem txo qhov kub thiab txias thaum tswj qhov ceev ntawm tib theem, nws tseem tuaj yeem tswj cov khoom kawg ntawm gasification. Feem ntau yog alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, nrog rau hlau, npib tsib xee thiab cob alt.

Plasma tshuaj ua haujlwm

Ib qho zoo tshaj plaws, txij li ntxiv rau cov kua roj, xws li cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li ferrosilicon, kev silicon thiab lwm yam khoom siv silicon yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov thee tawv thiab xim av thaum ua, uas, raws li lwm txoj hauv kev, tsuas yog pov tseg nrog tshauv.

Thiab tag kis

Muab cov roj thiab roj tso rau hauv ntiaj teb sai npaum li cas, qhov teeb meem roj yuav dhau mus sai heev. Thiab ib qho ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem yooj yim tshaj plaws yuav yog kev siv hluav taws xob. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom ua lawv txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab - ua haujlwm zoo dua, pheej yig dua, tab sis tib lub sijhawm zoo ib puag ncig.

Kev ua haujlwm tseem tab tom ua kom tau "cov roj hluavtaws". Hauv Krasnoyarsk, piv txwv li, nws tau sim kom tau txais nws los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov thee thiab dej hauv qhov sib npaug. Synthesis tau ua nyob rau hauvKev kub siab, kev kho mob tau nqa tawm txhua yam, electromagnetic thiab cavitation. Kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg - tsuas yog 5 kW ib tuj roj. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov tshwm sim feem yog ze rau ntuj.

Yog li tsis txhob maj muab koj tus nees hlau pov tseg, yuav muaj khoom noj. Thiab ib qho xov xwm zoo ntxiv - thee tau rov ua dua, uas txhais tau tias nws yuav pab tib neeg mus ntev.