Kev siv platinum. Qhov twg thiab siv platinum li cas?

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-17 18:53

Qhov kim tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog, tau kawg, platinum. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev nthuav dav nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus rarest. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, platinum yog xyaum tsis pom thiab yog kim heev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv platinum hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws yog qhov dav heev. Qee zaum, cov hlau no tseem tuaj yeem hloov tsis tau.

Discovery keeb kwm

Tag nrho cov platinum nuggets pom hnub no yog cov hlau ntawm platinum nrog iridium, palladium, osmium, hlau thiab rhodium. Qee zaum cov tebchaw ntawm cov hlau no nrog npib tsib xee lossis tooj liab kuj pom. Qhov tseeb, platinum nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab yog ib tug hlau ntawm ib tug ci ntsa iab dawb-nyiaj ntxoov ntxoo. Nws tshuav nws lub npe rau Spanish conquistador uas kov yeej South America. Outwardly, platinum zoo ib yam li nyiaj, tab sis nws yog ntau dua refrigerant. Cov neeg Spanish conquistadors, uas nrhiav tau ib tug hlau zoo li nyiaj nyob rau hauv South America, thaum xub thawj tsuas muab pov tseg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, conquerors contemptuously hu nws platina, uas txhais tau tias "nyiaj".

Nyob hauv peb lub tebchawsplatinum tau tshawb pom nyob rau hauv 1819. Nws muaj extraction pib tsib xyoos tom qab. Thaum pib, kev siv platinum nyob rau hauv Russia tau txwv tsuas yog rau metallurgy. Nws tau siv los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv hauv kev tsim cov hlau zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1828, platinum pom lwm qhov siv. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Tsar, Lavxias teb sab Mint pib minting nyiaj los ntawm cov hlau no.

Hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, platinum tsuas yog tau txais xyoo 1859 los ntawm tus kws tshuaj Devel. Thaum pib, nws tau mined nyob rau hauv Russia tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Verkh-Isetsky, Bilimbaevsky thiab Nevyansk mines. Lwm cov nyiaj nplua nuj tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1824.

Tshuaj thiab lub cev yam ntxwv

Platinum yog cov hlau uas koom nrog pawg ntawm 6 lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm Mendeleev system. Nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog:

• refractory;
• nyuaj volatility;
• muaj peev xwm crystallize rau hauv lub ntsej muag-centered cubic lattices.

Thaum kub, platinum zoo welded thiab dov. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau no tuaj yeem nqus cov pa oxygen heev. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm platinum:

Basic properties of platinum

yam ntxwv	Parameter
Density	21.45g/dm3
melting point	1769 C
Kev tawm tsam	9.85 µOhm cm
Hardness	390-420 MPa
YElasticity	173 GPa

Kev siv platinum thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam, tshuaj thiab lwm yam haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam yog qhov ncaj ncees, ntawm lwm yam, los ntawm nws cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov. Cov hlau no tsuas yog yaj hauv aqua regia thiab bromine. Thaum tshav kub kub, platinum tsuas tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog ib pawg me me ntawm cov tshuaj.

siv lub ntsiab ntawm platinum

Kev siv platinum hauv kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog qhov tsim nyog los ntawm nws cov nom tswv, tsis tshua muaj thiab kev zoo nkauj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas cov hlau no tsuas yog siv mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Tsuas yog ob peb feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj platinum mined tau siv los ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab kws kho hniav prosthetists. Niaj hnub no, kev loj hlob ntawm kev thov rau cov hlau noble yog loj hlob tsis tu ncua. Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm platinum, ntxiv rau kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, ua rau nws nrov heev hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws:

• hauv tshuaj;
• chaw lag luam;
• tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam;
• dav hlau thiab nkoj tsim;
• hauv iav kev lag luam;
• hauv engineering.

Cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig no tseem siv tau, tau kawg, hauv tuam txhab nyiaj.

Kev siv platinum hauv kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub

Tau kawg, qhov dav tshaj plawshlau yog siv los ua ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Txog 50 tons ntawm platinum yog siv txhua xyoo hauv ntiaj teb cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kev lag luam. Ntau hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov hlau no. Platinum rings, nrog rau chains, tsej, bracelets thiab necklaces, tsis yog tsuas yog zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj ruaj.

Cov hlau nrov tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog qhov kev xeem 950th. Cov hlau no muaj 95% platinum nws tus kheej thiab 5% iridium. Cov hlau ntawm no muaj pes tsawg leeg yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug high degree ntawm elasticity thiab hardness. Chains, bracelets thiab rings ua los ntawm platinum alloyed nrog iridium yog tsim los kom ntev li ntev tau.

Siv hauv kev tsim cov nitric acid thiab lwm yam tshuaj

Hauv engineering, platinum feem ntau yog siv los ua catalyst. Nws yog cov hlau no uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws oxidizer ntawm ammonia rau TSIS TAU hauv kev tsim cov nitric acid. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hlau mesh nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 0.05-0.09 hli. Hauv kev tsim cov nitric acid, tsis yog platinum ntshiab feem ntau siv, tab sis nws cov alloy nrog rhodium. Qhov no ua rau cov catalyst pheej yig dua me ntsis, nce nws cov haujlwm thiab txuas ntxiv nws lub txee lub neej.

Platinum yog siv hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam, tau kawg, tsis yog hauv kev tsim cov nitric acid xwb. Catalysts ua los ntawm cov hlau no muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg. Platinum yog siv, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv hydrogenation ntawm aromatic thiab technical hydrocarbons, ketones, acetylene, thiab lwm yam. Cov hlau no kuj siv nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid ntau lawm los tsim SO ₃los yogSO_2.

Daim ntawv thov hauv roj refining

Hauv kev lag luam ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no, platinum tau siv dav heev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws kuj yog siv raws li ib tug catalyst. Nyob rau hauv cov roj refining, roj av yog tau siv cov hlau no nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb installation. Tau kawg, siab zoo. Hauv kev lag luam roj refining, platinum siv tsis yog hauv daim phiaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov zoo. Ntxiv nrog rau cov roj av, kev siv hluav taws xob thiab cov roj muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons kuj tau siv cov hlau no.

Tau kawg, lwm cov catalysts tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev lag luam roj refining - molybdenum, aluminium, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, platinum muaj qhov zoo tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev sib piv nrog lawv, xws li kev ua haujlwm ntev, kev ua haujlwm ntau dua thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Kev siv platinum hauv hluav taws xob engineering thiab ntsuas

Ib qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau no yog tias nws muaj hluav taws xob ruaj khov thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Qhov no ua rau platinum nrov heev hauv cov haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws xws li:

• xov tooj cua engineering;
• hluav taws xob engineering;
• automatic;
• precision instrumentation.

Kev siv platinum hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov kev sib cuag zoo rau cov khoom siv siab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov hlau feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug alloy nrog iridium. Feem ntau, piv txwv li, platinum yog siv los ua kev sib cuag rau cov cua sov tiv thaiv thiabntau yam khoom siv hauv network. Qee lub sij hawm ib qho alloy ntawm cov hlau no nrog cob alt kuj siv hauv tshuab. Xws li cov khoom siv yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov hlau nplaum, uas muaj lub zog loj ntawm kev nyiam hauv qhov me me.

Daim ntawv thov platinum hauv kev lag luam tsheb thiab chaw

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws, platinum kuj pom muaj kev siv dav dav. Hauv kev lag luam tsheb, cov hlau no feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov pa hluav taws xob hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nws yog siv los ua txheej hauv ceramic monoliths.

Nyob hauv qhov chaw lag luam thiab kev tsim dav hlau, cov hlau no feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Ib yam li ntawd, platinum tau siv, piv txwv li, hauv txhua lub dav hlau ntawm Apollo series.

siv kho mob

Kev siv platinum hauv thaj chaw no cawm tau ntau txhiab tus neeg mob txoj sia. Tus nqi ntawm cov hlau no nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nws tsis muaj analogues nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej phais tshwj xeeb yog tsim los ntawm platinum, uas tuaj yeem ua kom tsis muaj menyuam hauv cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab. Nrog rau txoj kev kho no, tsis zoo li cov uas ua los ntawm lwm cov hlau, lawv tsis oxidize.

Platinum, uas nws siv hauv cov tshuaj, tau kawg, tsis txwv rau kev phais, kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev kho hniav, mob plawv thiab pob ntseg. Feem ntau, piv txwv li, nws yog siv los ua tshuaj tsuag hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej npaj raukho hniav. Hauv kev kho plawv thiab kev hnov lus, electrodes ua los ntawm nws cov hlau nrog iridium yog siv. Lawv tsuas yog siv los txhawb kev mob plawv. Lawv kuj feem ntau siv los cog rau cov neeg tsis hnov lus.

Kev thov ntawm platinum hauv kev lag luam iav

Platinum yog hlau, ntawm lwm yam, dav siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv kho qhov muag zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ib tug alloy nrog rhodium nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm iav fiber ntau tuag, lub thickness ntawm uas feem ntau tsis tshaj 1 micron. Cov hlau zoo li no tuaj yeem tiv taus ntau txhiab xuab moos ntawm cua sov txog 1450 C. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho alloy ntawm rhodium thiab platinum xyaum tsis hnov mob rau qhov kub thiab txias hloov thiab tiv taus corrosion.

Nrog rau lwm yam, cov hlau no kuj tau siv ntau heev hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom tsim los ua cov iav zoo. Xws li cov txheej txheem tsis deformed thiab tsis oxidize thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom. Lawv kuj tsis hnov mob nrog cov iav tsim nws tus kheej. Feem ntau hauv kev lag luam no, piv txwv li, platinum crucibles yog siv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv uas tau paub dav thiab kim heev Czech iav yog ua.

Tshuaj Siv Tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, platinum kuj yog siv tsuas yog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm crucibles thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv chav kuaj - khob, ntsuas kub tsis kam, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv no feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom siv ultrapure. Hauv semiconductorcrystals yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj, piv txwv li, tsis yog ib qho txawv teb chaws atom ib lab ntawm nws tus kheej. Cov no yog cov txiaj ntsig uas siv cov khoom siv platinum tso cai kom ua tiav.

Siv qhov xaus

Kev siv cov platinum hauv cov lus hais saum toj no yog qhov tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog. Tab sis tau kawg, cov hlau no tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv lwm cov haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Piv txwv li, platinum feem ntau yog siv los ua crucibles siv nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov muaju rau lasers thiab kev sib cuag nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tsis tshua muaj tam sim no. Nws kuj yog siv los ua tus tuav koob, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab lwm yam.