2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Depleted yog hu ua uranium, muaj feem ntau ntawm isotope U-238. Nws tau tsim thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1940 hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov khoom no yog cov khoom lag luam los ntawm kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ntuj uranium hauv kev tsim cov roj nuclear thiab mos txwv.
Yuav ua li cas
Yuav ua li cas thiaj ua kom uranium depleted? Rau cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb, qhov no tsis yog teeb meem. Nuclear reactors thiab chaw siv natural U-235. Xws li uranium yog enriched los ntawm kev sib cais isotopes los ntawm huab hwm coj. Hauv qhov no, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm U-235 thiab U-234 yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, DU tseem nyob, cov xov tooj cua uas tsis siab dhau. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, nws yog qhov qis dua txawm tias uranium ore, uas Soviet geologists ib zaug nqa hauv lawv lub hnab ev ntawv.
Depleted uranium daim ntawv thov
Siv DU tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab tsim cov mos txwv. Nws tsim nyog nws lub koob npe nrov vim yog qhov ntom ntom (19.1 g / cm3). Heev feem ntau nws yog siv, piv txwv li, raws li ib tug counterweight nyob rau hauv rockets thiab aircraft. Lwm qhov chaw uas cov khoom no tau pom dav siv yogcov tshuaj. Hauv qhov no, DU feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kho hluav taws xob. Cov khoom no kuj tseem siv los tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, piv txwv li, hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Hauv kev lag luam tub rog, uranium feem ntau yog siv los ua cov hlau phom. Nws kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov mos txwv thiab txawm tias nuclear warheads. Hauv lub peev xwm no, nws tau siv thawj zaug los ntawm Asmeskas tub rog. US engineers twv yuav hloov cov tungsten kim nrog cov hlau no hauv kev tsim cov BPS cores. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntom, depleted uranium yog heev ze rau tom kawg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cores ua los ntawm nws raug nqi peb zaug pheej yig dua tungsten cores.
Txoj kev siv cov mos txwv nrog depleted uranium
Ib qhov zoo ntawm DU yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov mos txwv yog tias nws muaj peev xwm ua rau nws tus kheej ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, me me fragments ignite nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab ignite combustible cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv armored tsheb los yog ua rau ib tug tawg ntawm mos txwv.
Ntxiv rau, cov mos txwv uranium depleted yuav ua rau nws tus kheej ntse. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej huab hwm coj mus rau qhov kev txhaj tshuaj, xws li qhov projectiles tuaj yeem tau txais cov duab uas tso cai rau lawv hla txhua yam kev cuam tshuam nrog lub zog tsawg tsawg.
Qhov twg siv mos txwv no
Depleted uranium plhaub tau siv los ntawm Asmeskas tub rog hauv ntau qhov kev tsov rog. Lawv tau siv thawj zaug hauv Iraq xyoo 1991. Lub sijhawm ntawd, US Army tau siv txog 14 txhiab lub tankprojectiles ntawm hom no. Zuag qhia tag nrho, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau siv txog 300 tons ntawm DU thaum lub sijhawm.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 21st, NATO tau siv cov uranium depleted hauv kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam Yugoslavia. Tom qab ntawd nws coj mus rau qhov kev thuam loj thoob ntiaj teb. Cov pej xeem tau kawm paub tias ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm tau mob qog noj ntshav.
Cov tub rog tau foob tsoomfwv Meskas rau cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm riam phom zoo li no txij li Iraq. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg txaus siab thaum ntawd. Tsoomfwv tau xa mus rau qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj pov thawj ncaj qha ntawm kev phom sij ntawm DU rau tib neeg lub cev.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 2001, ib lub koom haum tshwj xeeb UN tau tshuaj xyuas 11 yam khoom uas raug mos txwv nrog cov pas nrig. Tib lub sijhawm, 8 ntawm lawv tau kis tus kabmob. Ntxiv mus, raws li qee tus kws tshaj lij, cov dej hauv Kosovo tsis haum rau kev noj. Kev tshem tawm ntawm thaj chaw tshawb fawb tuaj yeem raug nqi ntau txhiab daus las.
Hauv Iraq, cov kev tshawb fawb no, hmoov tsis, tsis tau ua. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws no uas poob mob tom qab lub foob pob kuj muaj. Piv txwv li, ua ntej muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv nroog Basra, tsuas yog 34 tus neeg tuag los ntawm mob qog noj ntshav, tom qab nws - 644.
Cov Hlau Hlau
Rau kev tsim cov khoom siv phom sij, DU kuj tuaj yeem siv tau, thiab ua tsaug rau nws qhov ntom ntom ntom. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem nruab nrab yog tsim los ntawm nws ntawm ob daim ntawv hlau. Depleted uranium armor yog siv, piv txwv li, ntawm M1A2 thiab M1A1HA Abrams tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov yav tas tau upgraded tom qab 1998. Cov txheej txheem no muaj cov uranium depleted nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub hull thiab turret.
yam ntxwv. Muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev
Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm radioactivity, depleted uranium tseem suav hais tias tsis txaus ntshai heev (vim, ntawm lwm yam, nws muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntev), pom tau tias, nws tseem muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev. tej zaum. UN kev tshawb fawb hais ntau txog qhov no.
Vim li cas tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg mob oncological nce tom qab lub plhaub nrog cov plhaub, Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb Yablokov tau tswj xyuas kom paub. Nws yog thawj zaug pom tseeb rau tus kws tshawb fawb no tias nws feem ntau yuav tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm hluav taws xob. Thaum kawg, nws tau tswj xyuas kom pom tias cov plhaub uranium depleted muaj peev xwm tawm hauv qab lub npe hu ua ceramic aerosol. Nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsws ntawm tus neeg, nws yog cov khoom no nkag mus rau hauv lwm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev, maj mam pib mus rau hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum, uas ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm oncological kab mob.
Nyob rau nruab nrab Lub Ib Hlis 2001, tom qab cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua hauv Kosovo, UN Secretariat tau xa lus ceeb toom rau txhua txoj haujlwm txog kev phom sij ntawm depleted uranium rau tib neeg lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, Pentagon tseem tseem hais ntxiv txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom hais, hais txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tseem siv riam phom ntawm nwshauv paus.
Yuav ua li cas hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tshwm sim
Uranium ib txwm muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev muaj ib tug npaum li cas ntawm nws (txog 90 micrograms). Hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov mos txwv uas muaj DU, txawm tias lawv cov txheeb ze muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv qhov no, ib tus neeg tseem tuaj yeem tau txais qhov raug me me. Qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:
- Nrog kev sib cuag ncaj qha lossis ze rau OS. Piv txwv li, qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom siv mos txwv, thaum nyob hauv tib lub tsheb nrog lawv, sib cuag nrog cov khib nyiab los ntawm kev tawg, thiab lwm yam. Lub depleted uranium core nyob rau hauv rooj plaub. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm qhov kawg tuaj yeem ua txhaum. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis tau nce ntxiv.
- Thaum noj los ntawm kev noj lossis nqus ntawm DU hais.
- Txoj kev ntshav. Qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim thaum raug mob vim yog kev sib cuag nrog cov phiaj xwm lossis cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm DU.
Tam sim no WHO tau tsim cov lus qhia rau uranium. Lawv feem ntau tuaj yeem siv rau OS thiab. Yog li, qhov tso cai txhua hnub koob tshuaj uranium hauv lub qhov ncauj yog suav tias yog 0.6 μg ib kilogram ntawm tib neeg qhov hnyav. Kev txwv ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob yog 1 m3v ib xyoos rau cov pej xeem zoo tib yam thiab 20 m3v rau tsib xyoos rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig hluav taws xob (qhov nruab nrab).
Kev pov tseg qhov teeb meem
Tam sim no, cov khoom lag luam loj ntawm DU tau khaws cia hauv ntiaj teb. NtawmQhov kev lag luam thev naus laus zis no rau nws txoj kev siv tiav tsis tau tsim los txog tam sim no. Cov tuam txhab European hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no nyiam ua raws li lub tswv yim yooj yim heev. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tsuas xa DU mus rau Russia rau kev ua haujlwm. Lub caij no, xws li kev ua haujlwm yog suav tias yog kim dua li tus nqi pov tseg ntawm cov khoom no thiab nws qhov chaw cia. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tuam txhab hauv qhov no yog tias tom qab kev txhim kho ntxiv, tsuas yog 10% ntawm cov khoom siv raw tuaj rau Russia tau xa rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Europe. 90% tseem nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws.
Raws li txoj cai, nws tsis tuaj yeem khaws DU los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws hauv Russia. Yuav kom hla nws, txawv teb chaws depleted uranium tsuas yog pauv mus rau tsoomfwv cov tswv cuab. Tam sim no, kwv yees li 800 txhiab tons ntawm cov pov tseg no tau sau nyob rau hauv Russia. Tib lub sijhawm, 125 txhiab tons tau coj los ntawm Tebchaws Europe.
Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, DU raug kho raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv Russia, depleted uranium yog txhais raws li ib tug tseem ceeb zog raw khoom, zoo heev rau ceev ceev neuron reactors.
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