Qhov twg yog jade mined nyob rau hauv Russia: qhov loj tshaj plaws deposits, mining txoj kev thiab daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov jade deposits hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshaj tsib caug. Feem ntau, cov pob zeb ornamental no tsim me me tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, uas zoo li zoo li lwm cov pob zeb. Qhov rarity ntawm jade yog piav qhia los ntawm peculiarities ntawm nws tsim. Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov deposits ntawm Buryatia thiab Transbaikalia yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Cov pob zeb no muaj nuj nqis heev hauv cov tebchaws Esxias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Suav teb, qhov twg tus nqi rau nws mus txog ntau txhiab daus las ib kilogram.

Nature jade

Jade yog cov ntxhia ntawm hydrothermal-metasomatic keeb kwm. Cov pob zeb zoo li no tshwm sim ntawm qhov tob tob hauv lub ntiaj teb cov pob zeb, thiab lawv cov kev tsim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev kub siab thiab kub mineralized aqueous daws uas ncig hauv qab ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov xim feem ntau yog ntsuab, tab sis muaj lwm yam - dawb, grey, xim av, dub, daj, liab thiab xiav (qhov tsawg tshaj plaws).

Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov ntxhia no tsis tshua muaj, muaj kev txaus siabsawv cev thawj deposits thiab boulder placers. Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, ib tug neeg tau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb kev sib raug zoo nrog lub pob zeb no. Nws yog mined nyob rau hauv lub Neolithic era, thiab nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nws yog suav tias yog dawb ceev mus rau niaj hnub no. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog jade deposits tau muab zais cia. Lub sijhawm dhau mus, ntau tus ntawm lawv tsis nco qab lawm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX. geologists yuav tsum rediscover lawv.

Nyob rau hauv qhov no, ntau tus yuav xav tias jade yog mined hauv Russia. Raws li txoj cai, cov pob zeb hauv av tau pom nyob rau hauv 1824 nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Sayan, thiab tsuas yog 27 xyoo tom qab thawj pawg nrog tag nrho qhov hnyav txog 2 tons tau mined nyob ntawd. Tom qab 11 xyoo ntxiv, cov khoom lag luam los ntawm cov jade hauv tsev tau nthuav tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb exhibition hauv London.

Lub microstructure ntawm cov pob zeb muaj ib tug tangled-fibrous cim, nws nyuaj heev rau phua nws. Yog li ntawd, yav dhau los, tib neeg feem ntau sau nws hauv roob hav dej, tom qab cov daus npog tau yaj. Tom qab ntawd Jade tau pom tias yog khoom plig ntawm qhov xwm txheej, mined hauv qhov chaw nyuaj mus txog.

hom kev lag luam

Jade deposits nyob rau hauv Russia yog kaw rau alpine-hom ultramafic pob zeb (qhov chaw ntawm lub mantle embedded nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust) thiab dolomite marbles, los yog es, mus rau kev sib cuag ntawm ob pob zeb ntawm contrasting muaj pes tsawg leeg. Chemically non-equilibrium pob zeb pauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib leeg, uas ua rau recrystallization. Muaj qhov kev xav tias cov pob zeb no tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm txav ntawm serpentinites raws tectonic faults. Qhov no kuj tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb tias relict serpentinites pom nyob rau hauv jade.

Muaj ob hom kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaub mov - aposerpentinite(tsim ntawm ciam teb nrog serpentinites thiab aluminosilicate pob zeb) thiab apocarbonate (ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm dolomic marbles nrog granitized aluminosilicate pob zeb).

hom jade kawg yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub teeb tones ntawm cov xim (los ntawm zaub xam lav mus rau dawb huv). Lawv tsis tshua muaj ntau. Txog qhov twg dawb jade yog mined nyob rau hauv Russia tau piav qhia hauv qab no. Kev thov rau lawv ntawm lub pov haum lag luam tau loj hlob tas li nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no thiab muaj ntau tshaj li cov khoom siv, uas piav qhia tus nqi siab ntawm cov ntxhia (txog 10,000 US las ib 1 kg). Cov xim ntawm lub pob zeb nyob ntawm qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab chromium. Ntau cov hlau muab cov xim tsaus, thiab chromium - emerald ntsuab.

Daim ntawv thov

Nyob rau hauv Neolithic era, jade tau siv los ua riam, axes, xub xub thiab hmuv, ntau yam amulets, figurines thiab hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau muab los ntawm nws. Lub pob zeb no tau ua lub cim ntawm txoj haujlwm siab.

Jade pob zeb-txiav thiab hniav nyiaj hniav kub lag luam tau vam meej hauv Suav teb hauv 17th thiab 18th centuries. Tais, chess, tsiaj figurines, pob, cwj pwm ntawm imperial hwj chim tau sharpened los ntawm nws. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov pob zeb muaj nqis tshaj kub, thiab cov plaques ua los ntawm nws tau siv los hloov nyiaj.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, jade yog mined rau siv nyob rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub (ua inserts nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj thiab kub cov khoom, cabochons, hlaws dai, pob thiab figurines), raws li zoo raws li rau export. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av yog nws lub zog muaj zog, dhau ntawm cov hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, jade muajkuj tsis tshua muaj hardness (5.5-6 units ntawm Mohs nplai), uas ua rau nws yooj yim los ua nws los ntawm kev txiav thiab polishing. Lub "viscosity" ntawm lub pob zeb ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam carvings nrog ntau qhov chaw nkhaus.

Jade yog xyaum tib yam khoom los ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ruaj khov tuaj yeem ua tau. Lwm cov pob zeb tawg sai sai thaum hnav, vim lawv tsis tiv taus stretching zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm Tsarist Russia, pob zeb-txiav factories kuj ua caskets, luam yeeb, tais diav thiab lwm yam khoom los ntawm nws. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, lub pob zeb no yog revered nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, qhov twg cov khoom jade tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam ua ib tsev neeg qub txeeg qub teg, cov khoom loj loj tau sau, ua haujlwm ntawm kos duab, thiab txawm tias cov festivals tau mob siab rau cov pob zeb no.

Discovery of deposits

Thawj qhov tso nyiaj uas cov pob zeb tau khawb hauv Russia tau nyob ntawm tus dej Onot. Nws ntws los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Buryatia thiab thaj tsam Irkutsk thiab yog ib tus dej loj tshaj plaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sayan. Thaum kawg ntawm XIX caug xyoo. mining engineer Yachevsky pom thawj lub hauv paus hlab ntsha ntawm Khara-Zhalga kwj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 30s. xyoo pua 20th Soviet geologist Shestopalov nrhiav pom jade leeg ntawm tus dej Ilchir thiab Khusha-Gol. Tag nrho cov dej no nyob hauv Okinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Buryatia. Cov chaw nyuaj-rau-mus txog roob thiab gorge yog sparsely populated rau niaj hnub no.

Muaj ob lub ntsiab deposits uas jade mining nyob rau hauv Russia tau mus txog ib tug loj industrial scale: Ospinskaya (Ilchir dej phwj) thiab Ulan-Khodinskaya. nyob rau hauv lub xeev Baikal-Sayanib tug xov tooj ntawm mineral deposits nyob rau hauv ib tug kuj me me cheeb tsam:

• Gorlykgolskoye (Khusha-Gol River) yog qhov loj tshaj plaws, tab sis qhov zoo ntawm jade yog qis.
• Arahushanzhalginskoye - xoob pob zeb loj.
• Bortogolskoe.
• Zunospin (tag nrho ua haujlwm tam sim no).
• Khamarkhudinskoe - jade smoky grey nrog daj lossis ntsuab tint.
• Kharganty.
• Khangarul.
• Khokhyurt (Khokhyurta River).
• Boldoktinskoe (R. Boldokto) - alluvial deposit, thiab lwm yam.

Modern loj deposits

Tam sim no, 98% ntawm jade reserves nyob rau hauv peb thaj chaw:

• Vostochno-Sayansky (Ulankhodinskoye, Zunospinskoye, Ospinskoye, Gorlykgolskoye, Arakhushanshalginskoye deposits).
• Dzhidinsky (raws li tus dej Boldokto, Khokhurta, Ukhabyr).
• Vitimsky (Buromskoye, Golyubinskoye tso nyiaj).

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog yim caum leeg ntawm jade thiab kaum ob ntawm nws cov placers tau pom nyob rau hauv Eastern Sayan roob system thiab nyob rau hauv Transbaikalia.

Ospinskoye thiab Ulankhodinskoye tso nyiaj

Cov leeg zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov pob zeb jade hauv Russia tau pom ntawm Ospinsky tso nyiaj. Minerals ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov xim kua-ntsuab ntsuab, nrog rau cov nyhuv ntawm "miv lub qhov muag". Lub teb muaj ob ntu - Ilchirsky thiab Ospinsky, nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1 km ntawm ib leeg. 9 cov hlab ntsha nephrite-cov kabmob tau pom ntawm no. Tus thib rau ntawm lawv,zoo jade (cov khoom loj txog li 1 m 3tsis muaj kab nrib pleb thiab suav nrog) tau tsim los txog rau xyoo 2011

Ulankhodinskoye teb. Tam sim no, nws tsuas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, txij li nws tau tsim tiav, zoo li Zunospinskoye. Qhov zoo ntawm cov jade yog qis dua li ntawm Ospin deposit. Kev txhim kho tau ua nyob rau sab qaum teb txoj kab nqes ntawm lub roob Ulan-Khoda thiab nyob rau sab saud ntawm tus dej Khara-Zhelga.

Udokan teb

Udokan deposit yog nyob rau hauv Trans-Baikal Territory, nyob rau hauv lub Tsipa River (sab laug tributary ntawm lub Vitim) nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm Buryatia (Bauntovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv). Rau qhov ntau dua, nws kuj tau ua haujlwm tawm. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm jade nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm qhov tso nyiaj no yog cov txiv ntseej-daj cov zaub mov tau pom ntawm no, nce mus rau hauv lawv cov khoom zoo nkauj rau "golden" (los yog "ziab") jade, uas yog tsawg heev thiab muaj nuj nqis ntau dua li dawb.

Minerals ntawm lub teeb ntsuab xim predominate nyob rau hauv deposit, thiab lawv lub ntsiab tsis xws luag yog fracturing, uas ua rau me me ntawm mined blocks. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm tus dej Kalar, pob zeb thiab pebbles ntawm high-zoo jade tau pom. Tus nqi ntawm lub pob zeb no, mined hauv cheeb tsam Bauntovsky Evenk ntawm Buryatia, nce mus txog $ 5,000 ib kilogram, uas tshaj tus nqi kub. Lwm qhov tso nyiaj ntawm cov jade dawb paub tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Suav teb, Australia, thiab nyob rau hauv Russia lub pob zeb no kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub Vitim River.

Jades ntawm Altai

Altai nephrites tau pom nyob rau xyoo 60s. xyoo pua 20th Cov nyiaj tso cia yog me me thiab nyob rau hauv cov chaw hauv qab no:

• Charysh-Terektinsky tob txhaum (Terektinsky Ridge) - los ntawm lub zos ntawm Kaitanak mus rau Koir River (Akkem, B altyrgan, Aryskan, Tomul, Muinokh manifestations, uas yog nyob ze cov kwj);
• Kurai Rift;
• Shalapsky fault;
• Akkem dej (Chagan-Uzun lub zos), Cheremshanka.

Altai cov zaub mov tsis zoo: qias neeg ntsuab, tawg. Raws li qee qhov kev kwv yees, tag nrho cov khoom khaws cia ntawm jade hauv Altai yog kwv yees li 200 tons.

Me me deposits qhov twg jade yog mined nyob rau hauv Russia

me me jade deposits kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no:

• hauv koom pheej ntawm Tuva (Bilinsky deposit);
• nyob rau sab qab teb Urals (Naraly Roob);
• hauv Bashkortostan (Uchalinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, Nizhny Iremel River);
• hauv Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam (roob Bolshoy Bikilyar)
• hauv koom pheej ntawm Sakha (Selennyakh River);
• nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Kamchatka (Kyul massif).

Nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, cov ntxhia kuj tsis zoo, feem ntau yog xim ntsuab-marsh.

Txoj kev mining

Kev tso nyiaj qhov twg jade yog mined hauv Russia yog tsim los siv 2 txoj hauv kev:

• Qhib qhov hauv quarries siv cov cuab yeej hnyav (bulldozers, excavators). Hauv Buryatia, kwv yees li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov nephrites tau txais txoj kev no. Cov khoom nyoos raug xa tawm raws taiga txoj kev, txoj kev caij ntuj no (txoj kev uasua haujlwm tsuas yog lub caij ntuj no) lossis caij nyoob hoom qav taub.
• Sau cov pellets (boulders thiab pebbles) nyob rau hauv qab ntawm tus dej. Qhov no yog txoj kev txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm, tab sis hom raw khoom no muaj nuj nqis heev - nws tus nqi yog kaum npaug siab dua tus nqi ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av mined. Cov hauj lwm no yuav tsum muaj scuba iav, compressors thiab cov neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev.