Anti-tank mine: specifications. Hom thiab npe ntawm cov mines anti-tank
Anti-tank mine: specifications. Hom thiab npe ntawm cov mines anti-tank

Video: Anti-tank mine: specifications. Hom thiab npe ntawm cov mines anti-tank

Video: Anti-tank mine: specifications. Hom thiab npe ntawm cov mines anti-tank
Video: 6 Nqi Lus Qhia Kev Ua neej ( leej twg mloog lub neej yuav zoo tuaj) 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Mines yog cov neeg hlau yooj yim tshaj plaws uas tsim los rhuav tshem qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Lawv cov cuab yeej yuav txawv, tab sis cov ntsiab lus yog tib yam. Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tib neeg lossis thaum lawv nyob deb, lawv tawg, tsim cov khoom puas tsuaj, qhov tseem ceeb thiab feem ntau yog cov yoj yoj thiab cov kwj deg ntawm cov khoom puas (los yog lub dav hlau cumulative). Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub tank mine thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm mine? Zaj no yuav yog zaj.

anti-tank kuv
anti-tank kuv

Keeb kwm ntawm kuv riam phom

Hom riam phom engineering no tau paub ntev los lawm. Lo lus kuv tus kheej tau siv los txhais tau tias tsis yog ib qho kev teeb tsa nrog lub fuse, tab sis ib hom kev ua kom tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv lub fortification, tawg los ntawm kev ua kom puas nws cov khoom tiv thaiv. Qhov manhole no ua rau nws nkag mus rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress, thiab cov kev khawb loj dua tau ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yees thiab lwm cov qauv uas tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam. Tom qab ntawd, raws li kev ua tub rog thev naus laus zis tau tsim, cov kab hauv av tau nce ntxiv nrog cov hmoov tsub kom cov txheej txheem ntawm crushing lub bastions coj qhov chaw ntau heev. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus tsim ntawm cov nqi lawv tus kheejcov fuses rau lawv kuj tau txhim kho. Kev nce qib hauv hluav taws xob engineering tau ua kom yooj yim txoj haujlwm ntawm cov chaw taws teeb detonation. Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog Crimean, hiav txwv mines tau dav siv thawj zaug. Kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm cov neeg sab qaum teb thiab cov neeg sab qab teb, uas ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (1861-1865), yog qhov pib ntawm kev siv cov minefields loj heev thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm. Cov mines tiv thaiv cov neeg nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv zoo ib yam li cov niaj hnub no tau sim thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. Tom qab ntawd lawv raug kho raws li kev ntsuas yuam kev, tsuas yog siv tau rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas tsim nyog los tsim qhov thaiv uas cuam tshuam kev ua ntej ntawm tus yeeb ncuab siab tshaj.

Ntau qhov mines xav tau

Cov mines tiv thaiv cov neeg ua phem tsis yog rau cov tub rog nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov nees, uas yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov neeg kho tshuab tsheb uas tshwm sim, suav nrog cov armored, kuj raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov nqi faus rau hauv av, tab sis lawv tseem tsis tau tsim ib qho kev tsim tshwj xeeb uas tsim los rhuav tshem cov tso tsheb hlau luam uas tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj zog. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv los ntawm xyoo 1930, thaum nws tau pom meej rau cov tswv yim xav txog yav tom ntej tias kev ua tsov rog yav tom ntej yuav dhau los ua lub xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab aviation thiab armored rog yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws. Muaj kev sib tham tshwj xeeb txog aviation, raws li keeb kwm ntawm modernity tau qhia, kuj tseem txhais tau hais tias tawm tsam nws ua haujlwm tau txais … Tab sis ntxiv rau qhov ntawd tom qab. Nyob rau hauv lub meantime, ib yam tshiab ntawm engineering riam phom tau tshwm sim - ib tug anti-tank mine. Nrog rau txhua qhov zoo sib xws nrog nws cov neeg tawm tsam "tus muam", nws txawv ntawm nws. Qhov teeb meem uas cov neeg tsim qauv daws tau thaum tsimtus nqi no nrog lub fuse txawv.

kuv petals
kuv petals

Yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv kuv tus kheej zoo li

Ib lub cuab yeej tsim los ua kom muaj kev puas tsuaj zoo ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li ntau qhov kev xav tau. Kev tawg yuav tsum tsim kom muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm fragments ya ntawm ib tug txaus ceev kom ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj plaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub mine yuav tsum yog lub teeb, txwv tsis pub nws yuav nyuaj rau sappers nqa thiab nruab nws. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub npe hu ua "Petals". Mines ntawm PFM-1 thiab PFM-1C hom yog theej los ntawm Asmeskas cov qauv hauv qab lub npe "Dragon's Tooth" (Dragontooth) - BLU-43. Lawv loj me me, tab sis ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, ua ob txoj haujlwm ib zaug. Ua ntej, Petals, raws li txoj cai, tsis ua rau raug mob tuag, tab sis tsuas yog cov tub rog ua yeeb ncuab, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv rau kev lag luam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab lub zog. Qhov thib ob, lawv tuaj yeem rhuav tshem tus kheej (hauv kev hloov kho "C"), uas tseem ceeb heev thaum npaj kev tawm tsam.

cov mines tiv thaiv neeg
cov mines tiv thaiv neeg

T-35 and T-42 vs. T-34

Anti-tank mine, raws li nws lub npe qhia, yog siv los rhuav tshem cov tsheb armored. Txoj haujlwm tsim los ntawm sappers thaum txhim kho nws yog, tsawg kawg, ua kom puas lub hauv qab ntawm lub tank. Yav dhau los, nws tau ntseeg tias qhov no txaus los ncua sijhawm rau cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam. Piv txwv li, German tiv thaiv tank mine T-35, siv los ntawm Wehrmacht thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II tiv thaiv cov tub rog ntawm Red Army thiab cov phooj ywg, muaj tag nrho cov nqi hnyav me ntsis ntau dua 5 kg. Tib yam ntxwvT-42 yog kwv yees li qub, ob qho tib si kuaj muaj cov ntaub ntawv hlau, uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua los kuaj xyuas lawv nrog hluav taws xob sib nqus mine detectors. Nws yog qhov nyuaj dua rau cov sappers nrhiav cov ntoo, uas tau ua hauv cov khoom siv tes ua thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, tab sis lawv cov nqi yog, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj zog heev. Yuav luag txhua lub tank tiv thaiv kuv lub sijhawm ntawd ua haujlwm thaum tus kab ntsig ntaus nws, cov fuses tau tiv tauj.

After the war

Tsov rog dhau lawm, tab sis lub tank tseem nyob. Thiab lawv tau ua haujlwm nrog cov teb chaws uas nyuam qhuav tau koom nrog, thiab tam sim no tau dhau los ua cov yeeb ncuab muaj peev xwm. Cov kev paub tau txais hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau ua rau txhim kho cov riam phom tiv thaiv tank, suav nrog cov mines. Tsis tas li ntawd, engineers thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau zaum idly los ntawm. Cov kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nthuav tawm qhov chaw muaj kev phom sij tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsheb armored, thiab cov qauv txhim kho tshiab yuav tsum tau tawm tsam rau lawv. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem, cov rooj plaub tau pib ua los ntawm cov yas, tab sis qhov no coj mus rau lwm qhov teeb meem. Nrog rau qhov poob ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm minefields, kev ua haujlwm ntawm sappers tau cuam tshuam loj heev. Tab sis ntau yam fuses thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm hluav taws cuam tshuam rau cov tsheb armored tau nthuav dav.

German anti-tank kuv
German anti-tank kuv

TM-62

Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog Soviet tiv thaiv tank mine TM-62M. Nws tsim rov ua dua cov tswv yim dav dav ntawm cov nqi ntawm cov xyoo dhau los. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua los ntawm cov hlau, lub fuse yog kev sib cuag thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav txog li 150 kg, uas tshem tawm nws qhov kev ua kom yuam kev. Nws tuaj yeem ntsia tau siv cov cuab yeej siv tshuab (piv txwv li, kab ntsig minelayerGMZ los yog nyoob hoom qav taub systems), uas ua rau kom ceev ntawm mining cheeb tsam. Qhov hnyav - 7 kg, tag nrho hnyav - 10 kg. Ntawm nws lub hauv paus, qhov no yog av kuv, qhov tseem ceeb yog kev tawm tsam huab cua. Tom qab ntaus lub TM-62M, lub tank lub chais ua tsis tiav, lub plhaub yog ib feem puas, cov neeg coob tau txais lub plhaub loj heev, thiab yog tias lub kaus mom raug kaw, lawv tuag. Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm lub mine no yog simplicity, siab zog, manufacturability, tsis tshua muaj nqi thiab kev cia siab rau. Raws li nws, tag nrho cov mos txwv tau tsim, sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav thiab cov duab.

anti-tank kuv tm 62m
anti-tank kuv tm 62m

Kev nyuaj ntawm txoj haujlwm

Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub tank yog nws hauv qab. Cov armor yog thinner ob sab ntawm ob sab thiab hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub cav compartment, tab sis kom ua tiav txhua chav tsev ntawm armored tsheb, nws yog txaus los tshuab cov nqi nyob rau hauv nws. Rau tag nrho nws cov txiaj ntsig, TM-62M mine tsis tua hluav taws hauv qab, tab sis thaum nws raug kab ntsig, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov huab cua yoj cuam tshuam ntog tawm ntawm sab ntawm lub nkoj, uas txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov mos txwv detonation. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm secrecy plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Tus saboteur tuaj yeem tso tus nqi hauv txoj kev ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tsheb, tab sis nws qhov hnyav yuav tsum me me. TM-72 anti-tank mine yog qhov nyuaj dua. Nws yog cumulative nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thaum nws qhib, lub dav hlau qhia muaj zog ntawm cov roj kub tshwm sim, muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau cov cuab yeej tuab. Tab sis qhov tsis yog txhua yam, lub mine fuse muab qee qhov kev ncua, uas ua kom ntseeg tau tias lub foob pob hluav taws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tank txav, tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiabcov nodes yooj yim - mos txwv thiab kis tau tus mob. Cov cuab yeej teb rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv qhov chaw sib nqus, uas piav qhia nws qee qhov "capriciousness" thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis raug. Qhov no yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm tag nrho cov mos txwv zoo li no. Tsis tas li ntawd, TM-72 yog qhov yooj yim heev rau nruab nrab los ntawm trawling. Tshwj tsis yog, tau kawg, tus yeeb ncuab muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog kev phom sij ntawm kev khawb av.

Lavxias teb sab mines
Lavxias teb sab mines

Mechanical

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank mine TMK-2, uas suav tias yog kev ntseeg siab dua, ua haujlwm zoo ib yam. Nws qhov sib txawv yog lub fuse, uas ua haujlwm raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm mechanical-lever. Tus pin lub hom phiaj sensor sticks tawm hauv av, lub mine yuav cocked tom qab nws deviates los ntawm kab rov tav txoj hauj lwm, thiab tom qab ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm (los ntawm ib tug thib peb mus rau ib nrab thib ob, qhov no yog txaus rau lub tank mus rau pem hauv ntej ib nrab ntawm lub hull)., tus nqi explodes, tsim ib lub dav hlau cumulative. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov tawg yog 6 kg. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub tsheb sib ntaus sib tua yog lav, tab sis txawm tias muaj kev ntseeg siab ntau dua piv rau TM-72, ib qho tsis zoo tseem nyob: nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau neutralize cov mos txwv no. Tshawb pom cov pins tawm hauv av kuj tsis yog qhov teeb meem loj rau kev paub txog sapper.

anti-tank kuv tm 62m
anti-tank kuv tm 62m

Nyob rau sab

Tsis yog kab ntsig thiab hauv qab dhau los ua lub hom phiaj rau cov mines tawm tsam. Tus tsim ntawm TM-73 zoo li ua tau zoo heev, uas yog ib txheej ntawm ib tug pa Mukha grenade launcher, txhais tau tias ntawm mounting rau hauv av thiab ib tug tawg fuse. Hauv lwm lo lus, bazooka hluav taws kub thaum yeeb ncuab tsheb rhuav tshem kev ncaj ncees ntawm tripwire. Xav paub ntau ntxivkuv TM-83. Nws yog ntsia rau hauv av, nws cov ntaub ntawv yog siv los ua ib lub txaj. Tom qab coj tus nqi mus rau hauv txoj hauj lwm sib ntaus sib tua, lub seismic sensor pib ua hauj lwm, uas reacts rau lub vibrations ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Yog tias nws raug kho, lub hom phiaj infrared yog qhib. Cov core cumulative pierces armor ib decimeter tuab los ntawm qhov deb mus txog 50 meters. Yog tias tsis pom qhov cua sov, lub mine rov pib dua thiab tos rau lub hom phiaj tom ntej.

twm 72
twm 72

Thiab txawm tias muaj kev tiv thaiv huab cua

Helicopters thiab nres dav hlau feem ntau hu ua lub dav hlau ya. Qhov no yog qhov ncaj ncees heev, vim tias niaj hnub no aviation tuaj yeem muaj cov cuab yeej muaj zog, riam phom loj, "qis" los ntawm cov cuab yeej hauv av, tsis hais txog cov foob pob hluav taws. Cov mines ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation thiab lwm lub teb chaws yog tsim los tua cov khoom uas ya tsawg - ob lub dav hlau thiab helicopters. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov cuab yeej siv high-tech PVM tsim nyob rau xyoo 1990 thiab tsim los rhuav tshem cov dav hlau nrog cov tub ntxhais sib txuas. Txoj kev taw qhia ua haujlwm ntawm ob txoj kab (acoustic thiab infrared). Lub "petals" ntawm lub mine nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm sib ntaus sib tua yog nteg tawm, tsim lub hauv paus, lub sensor txiav txim siab lub suab ntawm lub hom phiaj ya ib mais, ces lub thermal sensor directs mos txwv ntawm nws. Lub foob pob tawg, nyob rau hauv ib lub plhaub kheej kheej, raug rho tawm ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 3 km / s thiab pierces armor tiv thaiv 12 hli tuab. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm swb yog tsis tsawg tshaj li ib puas meters. Anti-helicopter mine tuaj yeem ntsia tau manually thiab los ntawm dav hlau. Kev tawm tsam ntawm yeeb ncuab "flying tanks" yuav raug tshem tawm.

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