2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Ntau tus neeg paub txog tooj liab tsuas yog cov duab puab thiab cov monuments raug ntiab tawm ntawm nws. Qhov tseeb, cov hlau no yog undeservedly deprived ntawm nrov xim. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv vain hais tias nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej muaj txawm ib tug Bronze Age - ib tug tag nrho era thaum lub sij hawm lub alloy nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm. Nws yog ib qho ntawm ob peb cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kos duab. Cov khoom zoo uas muaj los ntawm cov hlau alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab tin tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej, hauv tshuab engineering, casting pawg ntseeg tswb, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, niaj hnub no muaj ntau cov qib hlau, txhua tus muaj qee yam, ua ntej ua qauv zoo.
Kev siv tooj dag yav dhau los
Thawj qhov hais txog kev sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab thiab tin hnub rov qab mus rau 4 xyoo txhiab BC. Qhov no technology breakthroughCov kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg, tso cai rau kev vam meej ntawm Mesopotamia los ua tus thawj coj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Archaeological excavations tau ua nyob rau yav qab teb Iran ua tim khawv rau kev siv tooj liab dav dav rau kev tsim cov xub taub hau, daggers, hmuv, axes, thiab ntaj. Ntawm qhov pom muaj txawm tias cov khoom siv sab hauv, xws li rooj tog thiab iav, nrog rau cov jugs, amphoras, vases thiab phaj. Tib lub alloy yog siv los mint npib thaum ub thiab ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Bronze nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog pib siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Xws li cov khoom loj xws li cannons thiab lub tsev teev ntuj domes yog tsim los ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm tom qab, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm mechanical engineering, xws li ntau yam hlau kuj tsis mus unnoticed. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb rau nws cov khoom tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov khoom siv yav dhau los yog qhov txawv me ntsis ntawm cov bronze niaj hnub no. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau muaj ntau yam me me impurities, ua rau nws qhov tsis zoo.
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov bronze niaj hnub
Hnub no, hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, bronze yog ib qho hlau ntawm ob lub hlau: tooj liab thiab tin, uas tuaj yeem siv ntau qhov sib npaug. Txhawm rau muab cov hlau xav tau, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, lead thiab silicon tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau cov khub no. Lub xub ntiag ntawm random impurities nrog kev pab los ntawm niaj hnub technologies yog xyaum txo mus rau xoom.
Feem ntau, qhov piv ntawm tooj liab rau tin nyob rau hauv proportions ntawm 85 mus rau 15 feem pua yog xam tau. qhia txoqhov thib ob tivthaiv hauv qab lub cim qhia ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem, qhov tseem ceeb yog liquation. Lo lus no yog siv los ntawm metallurgists kom xa mus rau cov txheej txheem ntawm alloy delamination thiab nws cov khoom tsis sib xws.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xim hlau ntawm nws qhov zoo
Cov neeg paub paub tuaj yeem kawm ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv tsuas yog saib cov xim uas muaj tooj liab. Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov ntsuas no. Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, tooj liab muab cov hlau ua xim liab. Yog li ntawd, txo nws cov feem pua ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm lwm cov khoom yuav txhais tau tias maj mam hloov ntawm cov xim rau dimmer tones.
Nrog rau qhov sib npaug li niaj zaus ntawm cov khoom sib npaug (85% tooj liab), tooj liab ua daj. Qhov no yog qhov ntau yam uas yuav pom. Ib qho dawb alloy yog tau tom qab kho qhov sib piv rau qhov piv ntawm 50:50. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav bronze tig grey, nws yog tsim nyog los txo tus nqi ntawm tooj liab mus rau 35%.
Raws li kev hloov pauv hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau alloy thaum sim nrog nws cov khoom sib xyaw, qhov xwm txheej yog raws li hauv qab no. Lub ductility ntawm cov khoom yuav ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb cov ntsiab lus ntawm tin nyob rau hauv nws. Qhov me me, qhov ntau malleable lub bronze yuav yog, tab sis cov lus no muaj tseeb tsuas yog mus txog ib qho kev txwv. Yog li, thaum lub cim 50% mus txog, cov hlau yuav rov ua dua.
Bronze in art
Cov khoom siv muaj zog thiab ruaj khov, thaum muaj qhov sib txawv me me thiab zoo ductility, tsis tuaj yeem txaus siab rau cov neeg muaj tswv yim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov sculptors. Twb tau nyob rau hauv V-IV centuries BC nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws, nws tau ua hauj lwm tawm mus rau qhov me me nthuav davthev naus laus zis los ua cov mlom tooj liab, uas tseem cuam tshuam hnub no.
Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias tus pej thuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws kub tau pib hloov los ntawm cov quav ciab, uas raug rhuav tshem ncaj qha thaum lub sij hawm casting. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, raws li daim duab kos, yuav tsum tau ua tus qauv plaster ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd ua pwm rau casting. Cov ntsiab lus siv quav ciab tsuas yog yaj thaum raug kub, thiab tooj liab siv nws qhov chaw, uas txias thiab tawv. Tom qab ntawd, nws tsuas yog ua kom tiav thiab ua kom tiav.
Artillery hlau
Rau qhov tsim cov phom loj, thiab tom qab ntawd lwm yam khoom siv tub rog, tooj dag yeej ib txwm siv. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau uas siv rau cov hom phiaj no, raws li txoj cai, muaj 90% tooj liab thiab tsuas yog 10% tin.
Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv rau cov cuab yeej yuav tsum muaj zog heev thiab muaj lub siab ua kua muag. Lub hom ntawm tooj dag BrAZhMts10-3-1.5 muaj xws li qualities. Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom tseem ceeb, nws muaj 1-2% manganese, uas txhim kho kev sib txhuam thiab kub yam ntxwv.
Church tswb making
Lub tswb nrov yuav tsum yog melodic, thiab nws lub suab yuav tsum haum lub pob ntseg ntawm qhov deb. Oddly txaus, tab sis bronze muaj xws li suab paj nruas txuj ci. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub suab ntawm lub tswb, nws yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm tin (los ntawm 20 mus rau 22%). Qee zaum qee cov nyiaj kuj ntxiv rau nws. Hom tooj liab, uas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tswb nrov thiab lwm yam twj paj nruag percussion,yog kiag li unsuitable rau siv tswv yim nyob rau hauv lwm yam lag luam. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias xws li ib tug alloy muaj ib tug nplua-grained qauv thiab nce brittleness.
Phosphorus thiab txhuas bronze
thawj alloy muaj 90% tooj liab, 9% tin thiab 1% phosphorus tau siv los ntawm Künzel xyoo 1871. Nws tau hu ua phosphor bronze, thiab cov khoom siv tau pom nws daim ntawv thov feem ntau hauv kev siv tshuab engineering. Ntau yam tshuab qhov chaw raug nrum los ntawm nws, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev sib txhuam ntxiv. Phosphorus yog tsim nyog los ua kom elasticity thiab txhim kho cov khoom tiv thaiv corrosion. Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau no yog tias nws ua tiav txhua qhov chaw ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm casting.
Aluminium bronze, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab (txog 95%), zoo ib yam li kub. Ntxiv nrog rau kev zoo nkauj, nws muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam undeniable zoo. Piv txwv li, ntxiv 5% txhuas tso cai rau cov hlau kom tiv taus lub sij hawm ntev rau kev ua phem ib puag ncig xws li acidity siab.
Raws li cov khoom siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau lub tshuab, cov hlau no yuav luag thoob plaws ntiaj teb hloov phosphor bronze hauv cov ntawv zeb thiab cov hmoov phom ntau lawm vim nws cov kua muag siab dua.
Silicon thiab manganese bronze
Silicon yog ntxiv rau cov hlau kom nce hluav taws xob conductivity. Qhov zoo no yog siv los tsim cov xov tooj ntawm tes. Cov khoom siv ntawm silicon bronze yog raws li nram no: 97.12% tooj liab, 1.14% tin, 0.05% silicon.
Qhov nyuaj tshaj plawsCov txheej txheem ntau lawm boasts ib qho alloy uas muaj manganese. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob peb theem. Ua ntej, ferromangan ntxiv rau molten tooj liab. Tom qab ntawd, muaj kev tswj hwm qhov ntsuas kub, tin yog ntxiv, thiab yog tias tsim nyog, zinc. Lub tuam txhab Askiv Bronce tuam txhab tsim ntau qib ntawm manganese bronze nrog sib txawv viscosity thiab hardness. Cov hlau zoo li no tuaj yeem siv tau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam.
Pom zoo:
Sib xyaw pub: hom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, daim ntawv thov
Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg yog qhov kev loj hlob tag nrho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj ua liaj ua teb thiab cov noog, lub hauv paus ntawm kev noj haus yuav tsum tau muab sib xyaw pub (sib xyaw). Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntau yam zaub mov txawv tau tsim rau txhua hom tsiaj hauv tsev. Peb yuav tham txog hom hauv peb tsab xov xwm
Cov khoom noj muaj zog: lub hom phiaj, muaj pes tsawg leeg, khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, hom thiab kev xav tau zoo
Ntxiv rau cov kua dej thiab ntxhib, cov khoom noj muaj zog kuj tau qhia rau hauv kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov tsiaj txhu ua liaj ua teb thiab nqaij qaib. Muaj tsuas yog ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm lawv - carbohydrate thiab protein
Steel: muaj pes tsawg leeg, khoom, hom thiab daim ntawv thov. Kev sib xyaw ntawm stainless hlau
Hnub no, hlau yog siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus paub tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau, nws cov khoom, hom thiab daim ntawv thov txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom no
Txoj cai ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv emission. Kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom muag thiab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom muag commission
Cov khoom pov tseg pov tseg rau hauv cov huab cua yog txheej txheej ntawm cov dej num uas ua los ntawm cov neeg siv xwm txheej, suav nrog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov pa phem, kev txheeb xyuas lawv qhov chaw, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov paib ntsuas. Nyeem ntxiv txog yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem no mus thiab yuav ua li cas cov khoom lag luam ntawm emissions tau sau rau hauv, nyeem rau
Pob zeb sib xyaw: cov khoom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, hom, qib ntawm pob zeb, yam ntxwv, ua raws li GOST cov qauv thiab daim ntawv thov
Ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb sib tov, uas tseem hu ua hydrotechnical pob zeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia txog qhov ua kom muaj dej ntau ntxiv. Cov vaj tse raug tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv no los siv rau hauv thaj chaw swampy lossis hauv cheeb tsam uas muaj dej nyab
