Lub khw muag khoom yog Lub tswv yim ntawm lub khw muag khoom, nws hom thiab nta

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev lag luam muag khoom lag luam ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem tag nrho ntawm kev muag khoom. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau yam ntawm cov khoom zoo li no. Lawv cov dej num yog tswj los ntawm txoj cai. Qhov no tso cai rau peb ua lag luam kev vam meej, ua tau raws li txhua qhov kev xav tau niaj hnub no. Lub khw muag khoom yog cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Nws cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav tau tham ntxiv.

lus txhais

Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai No 271 tswj kev lag luam. Nws kuj txhais cov khoom ntawd. Lub khw muag khoom lag luam yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug uas ua haujlwm rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muag ntau yam khoom lossis muab kev pabcuam rau cov neeg siv khoom kawg. Ntawm cov chaw zoo li no, tus nqi raug txiav txim siab thaum xaus ntawm cov ntawv cog lus muag khoom, nrog rau cov ntawv cog lus hauv tsev. Tseem muaj chaw ua lag luam nyob hauv khw.

Muaj ntau ntau hom kev nthuav qhia. Lawv txawv ib sabyam ntxwv. Lub khw muag khoom yog ib qho system uas ua raws li cov cai ntawm txoj cai. Nws raug teeb tsa raws li txoj cai tsim.

Ua ntej, ib txoj kev npaj tau tsim thiab pom zoo. Thaj chaw tau piav qhia. Ntxiv mus, nws qhov layout tab tom tsim. Tus naj npawb ntawm tus kheej cov qauv, lawv tus lej thiab hom kev koom tes yog qhia. Kev npaj yog ua raws li kev npaj hauv nroog, architectural, vaj tse codes. Thaj chaw raug xaiv raws li cov cai tsim rau cov khoom zoo li no.

Thaum tsim kev lag luam, lawv raug coj los ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb hauv ib cheeb tsam. Tom ntej no, xaiv hom kev lag luam twg yuav yog qhov cuam tshuam tshaj plaws ntawm no. Txoj kev npaj tsim los ntawm cov koom haum cuam tshuam tau pom zoo los ntawm lub xeev cov cai hauv cheeb tsam, cov tsev hais plaub.

Tsuas yog ib lub koom haum raug cai tswj kev ua lag luam. Nws kev sau npe yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm txoj cai. Lub koom haum no yuav tom qab xauj tawm cov chaw lag luam hauv khw. Daim ntawv cog lus xaus nrog cov neeg uas yuav ua lawv cov dej num ntawm no. Lawv tau muab cov chaw ua lag luam rau nqi xauj tsev.

Ntau yam. Universal Market

Muag-khoom muag tuaj yeem ua haujlwm plaub txoj hauv kev. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj qee yam ntxwv. Cov no tuaj yeem yog thoob ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev koom tes ua lag luam.

Universal ntau yam muaj ib qho qauv. Kwv yees li 80% ntawm lub khw no yog nyob ntawm cov khw muag khoom ntawm cov chav sib txawv. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm lub nomenclaturecov khoom, uas yog tsim los ntawm txoj cai muaj feem xyuam rau hom no.

Kev lag luam ib leeg tso cai rau ntau lub lag luam ua haujlwm ntawm no. Tsis tsuas yog zaub mov xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab khaub ncaws tuaj yeem muag rau ntawd. Feem ntau cov khw hauv Lavxias Federation raug cais raws li universal.

Rau cov neeg siv khoom, lub khw zoo li no qhib ntau lub sijhawm. Lawv tuaj yeem yuav luag txhua yam khoom tsim nyog ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub khw no. Qhov no, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem yog khoom noj, tshuaj hauv tsev, khaub ncaws, khoom siv, tais diav. Cov npe ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem nthuav dav.

Kev lag luam wholesale thiab khw muag khoom yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev muaj ntau yam khoom tsim. Lub tswv yim no yog hais txog tag nrho cov khoom lag luam thiab pawg uas tau muab los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom lossis cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov nomenclature ntawm cov khoom raug pom zoo los ntawm Ministry of Economy ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Rau qhov no, xaj No.56 ntawm 26.02.07.

kev lag luam tshwj xeeb

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khw muag khoom lag luam tuaj yeem ua raws li lwm cov phiaj xwm. Lawv tsis tshua muaj ntau tshaj li universal ntau yam. Yog li, muaj kev lag luam tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug trading platform, 80% ntawm cov txee yog nyob los ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib chav kawm ntawv. Qhov no, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev, ntawv sau, khoom noj, thiab lwm yam.

Ib qeb cais yog cov lag luam tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj kev lag luam ua lag luam li ntawd. Cov khoom muag raug muag ntawm qhov deb, piv txwv li, hauv Is Taws Nem, xa ntawv, lossis xa mus rau cov neeg siv khoom los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov neeg siv khoom nruab nrab rau cov neeg siv khoom. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog lub khw muag khoom hluav taws xob, piv txwv li.

Agricultural lag luam

Xav txog cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm cov khw muag khoom, peb yuav tsum xav txog lwm pawg ntawm lawv lub koom haum. Cov no yog kev lag luam platform uas muag lossis yuav cov khoom ua liaj ua teb tau ua. Nws muag cov khoom sib xws. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov lag luam ua liaj ua teb. Cov npe ntawm cov khoom uas tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ntawm lub khw no tau pom zoo los ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov khoom noj khoom haus, cov khoom tiav ntawm cov lag luam ua liaj ua teb ntawm ntau yam profiles, khaub ncaws, cov khoom kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua.

Kev koom tes ua lag luam tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev ua lag luam ua liaj ua teb. Hauv qhov no, tus neeg tswj hwm kev lag luam tau sau npe ua tus neeg siv khoom koom tes. Nws qhov kev ua yog raug rau txoj cai. Cov npe ntawm cov khoom yog qhia los ntawm tsoomfwv cov thawj coj tau tso cai.

Kev txawj ntse

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khw muag khoom lag luam yog ua raws li txoj cai tsim. Cov kev cai cuam tshuam tswj cov khoom twg suav nrog thiab tsis suav nrog hauv kev lag luam muag khoom muag. Lawv yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ntau ntxiv.

Yog li, ntxiv rau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom muag rau nyiaj ntsuab, ntau lwm cov nyiaj tau los suav nrog hauv kev hloov pauv. Cov no tej zaum yuav yog cov khoommuag los ntawm kev xa ntawv (kev them nyiaj yog ua los ntawm kev hloov nyiaj hauv tuam txhab nyiaj) lossis credit.

Tsis tas li, tag nrho cov khoom lag luam suav nrog cov khoom lag luam uas tau ua haujlwm. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb txawm hais tias tus neeg muag khoom yog tus tswv ntawm cov khoom lossis tsuas yog tus neeg nruab nrab hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm nws qhov kev siv. Kev them nyiaj yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm commissions los yog tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov khoom.

Cov khoom lag luam suav nrog cov khoom muag raws li cov qauv ruaj khov, ntawm luv nqi (rau qee ntu ntawm cov pej xeem), los ntawm kev tso npe (cov ntawv luam tawm). Qhov no suav nrog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom, ntim khoom uas tsis suav nrog tus nqi.

Txoj cai ntawm cov khw muag khoom lag luam tsis pub suav nrog cov nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev pabcuam lub neej tau lees paub los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, nrog rau daim coupon mus ncig, daim pib rau txhua hom kev thauj mus los. Lub koom haum thiab kev lag luam ntawm xws li trading platforms yog tswj los ntawm txoj cai. Txhua lub koom haum uas ua tiav kev sib hais haum yuav tsum muaj cov ntawv sau nyiaj tshwj xeeb. Nws tsis nyob ntawm daim ntawv thiab txoj kev ntawm trading.

hom kev lag luam

Kawm txog cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm cov khw muag khoom, ntau hom kev lag luam tseem ceeb yuav tsum raug sau tseg. Lawv yog characterized los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm nta. Thawj pab pawg suav nrog kev faib khoom lag luam. Nws yog nqa tawm sab nraum lub taag network. Rau nws qhov kev siv, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb yog siv, uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsuas yog raws li lub tsheb. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog lub chaw ua mov ci mobile lossiskhw kasfes.

qeb ntawm kev lag luam muag khoom txawb yuav suav nrog cov khw muag khoom tshwj xeeb, cov tsheb thauj khoom, cov cav tov uas nqa tawm lossis faib cov khoom.

qeb thib ob belongs rau peddling. Qhov no yog ib hom tshwj xeeb, uas kuj yog nqa tawm sab nraum lub khw muag khoom nyob ruaj ruaj. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tus neeg muag khoom hu rau tus neeg yuav khoom ncaj qha tom tsev lossis tom nws txoj haujlwm, hauv kev thauj mus los, ntawm txoj kev. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov koom haum uas ua cov muag khoom no kuj hu ua "cov neeg muag khoom mus ncig".

Kev xa ntawv xa tuaj yog nyob rau qeb thib peb. Nws yog ua los ntawm kev txiav txim. Lawv raug xa los ntawm kev xa ntawv. Hom kev lag luam no nrov heev niaj hnub no thiab tau txais lub zog.

qeb plaub yog kev ua lag luam ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom tsis yog khoom noj uas yog muag los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm commission. Lawv tau txais cov khoom los ntawm cov neeg thib peb (lawv yog cov neeg nruab nrab). Ib qho kev pom zoo tau xaus ntawm cov koom haum no. Hauv ib lub sijhawm, tus tswv ntawm cov khoom muaj cai rau nws. Yog nws tsis khaws nws cov khoom, tus neeg sawv cev yuav muag.

qeb thib tsib yog kev muag khoom los ntawm cov qauv. Tus neeg yuav khoom tau paub txog cov khoom, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv phau ntawv teev npe, phau ntawv qhia, phau ntawv qhia thiab lwm yam xov xwm.

Retail hluav taws xob ua lag luam

Nws yog dab tsi thiab nws cov yam ntxwv yog dab tsi? Muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khw muag khoom hluav taws xob. Ib qeb zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom muag sawv tawm ntawmtag nrho cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom tsis yog khoom noj.

Lub khw muag khoom hluav taws xob yog kev ua haujlwm hauv kev yuav khoom thiab muag hluav taws xob. Nws tuaj yeem yog hluav taws xob lossis thermal zog. Tib lub sijhawm, lub koom haum muab lub zog muab nws cov khoom ncaj qha rau cov neeg siv khoom.

Cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm cov khw muag khoom hluav taws xob yog tswj hwm los ntawm Txoj Cai No 442 ntawm Tsib Hlis 4, 2012, uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Txoj Cai ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Lavxias. Txhua qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tus neeg xa khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom tau txhais meej meej hauv daim ntawv no.

Cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev lag luam no tuaj yeem yog cov neeg siv khoom ncaj qha, nrog rau cov koom haum ua haujlwm. Cov tom kawg tau txais hluav taws xob ntxiv rau nws cov neeg siv. Cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev ua lag luam no tuaj yeem yog cov neeg muag khoom uas muab kev lees paub, cov tuam txhab fais fab ntawm ib hom kev ywj pheej. Qhov no suav nrog cov koom haum uas, rau ntau qhov laj thawj, tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov koom nrog hauv kev lag luam wholesale lossis tau poob cov xwm txheej zoo li no.

Lwm qeb ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev lag luam nthuav tawm tuaj yeem yog cov koom haum sib koom tes, cov neeg ua haujlwm. Pawg no suav nrog cov koom haum raug cai uas yog tswv ntawm cov chaw hluav taws xob.

Tus nqi hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob

Lub khw muag khoom hluav taws xob yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib qho kev mus kom ze rau cov nqi khoom. Tus nqi tuaj yeem tswj hwm thiab tsis tswj hwm. Rau ntau pawg ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thovkoj mus kom ze. Cov txheej txheem no yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov kev cai lij choj cuam tshuam.

Tus nqi tswj hwm yog siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev muab lub zog rau cov pej xeem lossis cov neeg siv khoom uas sib npaug rau nws. Rau qhov no, tariff tau pom zoo. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm txoj cai. Cov kev pabcuam hauv cheeb tsam pom zoo cov nqi tariffs thiab ua kom sib haum nrog cov koom haum uas muag cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov koom haum zoo li no tau them nyiaj ntxiv rau kev muab hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom.

Tus nqi tsis raug cai yog pub dawb. Lawv siv rau cov neeg siv khoom uas tsis koom nrog pawg neeg. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov koom haum ua lag luam, tuam txhab thiab cov koom haum. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tus nqi hluav taws xob tsis raug rau tariffication. Cov txheej txheem rau kev ua cov kev suav suav yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov kev cai lij choj cuam tshuam.

Kev daws teeb meem nrog cov neeg siv khoom tau ua raws li ib qho ntawm 6 pawg nqi. Cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Yog tias koj xaiv qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm, kev them nyiaj ntau dhau yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum xav txog tag nrho cov kev muab, thiab tom qab ntawd xaiv qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws.

Txoj Cai Koom Tes

Lub koom haum ntawm cov khw muag khoom lag luam yog ua raws li txoj cai lij choj pom zoo los ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias. Raws li lawv cov kev cai, kev lag luam yog ua raws li kev pom zoo. Lawv sau cov nqi, nrog rau cov xwm txheej raws li kev yuav khoom lossis muag cov khoom lag luam.

Cov khoom zoo sib xws tuaj yeem teeb tsaraws li cov qauv sib txawv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov khw muag khoom loj, khw muag khoom noj, khw muag khoom, khw muag khoom me, thiab cov khw muag khoom muag. Lawv tuaj yeem ua ke lossis tshwj xeeb.

Hauv thaj chaw muag khoom, cov khoom lag luam sib txawv tuaj yeem sib txawv raws li hom khw muag khoom. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog cov khw muag khoom. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau ua raws li cov khw muag khoom loj thiab cov khw muag khoom noj. Qhov chaw me tshaj plaws yog nyob ntawm lub khw mini. Qhov loj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom, qhov dav ntawm cov khoom ntau dua.

Yuav tsum muaj rau cov kev pabcuam muab

Xav txog cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khw muag khoom lag luam, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg ntau qhov yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm txoj cai lij choj rau kev coj ua lag luam kev lag luam. Tom qab kev pom zoo ntawm txoj kev npaj ua lag luam, cov teeb meem ntawm nws txoj kev tiv thaiv, nrog rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, raug daws. Txhua tus neeg koom nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam yuav tsum ua raws li txoj cai lij choj, ua raws li cov lus pom zoo xaus.

Cov neeg muag khoom yuav tsum siv cov cuab yeej sau npe nyiaj ntsuab. Ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm cov neeg muag khoom raug tswj xyuas, nrog rau cov ntawv cog lus uas tau xaus nrog lawv. Lawv muab daim npav. Ib ntus, cov tshev mis yog ua los ntawm cov chaw ua lag luam, kev ua raws li kev ua ntawm cov neeg muag khoom nrog cov ntawv cog lus uas tau xaus nrog lawv. Kev soj ntsuam txhua hnub ntawm kev ua raws li qhov chaw ua haujlwm, cov khoom lag luam nrog cov cai ntawm txoj cai. Yog tias pom muaj kev ua txhaum cai, kev ua lag luam ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm no raug txwv. Kev txheeb xyuas tau ua ua ntej kev lag luam qhib.

Tom qab xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev nthuav tawm hom kev lag luam, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov khw muag khoomKev ua lag luam yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom kawg. Nws txoj haujlwm yog tswj hwm los ntawm txoj cai lij choj, uas ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev sib pauv hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev muag ntau yam khoom thiab kev pabcuam.