Intermediaries - lawv yog leej twg? Trade intermediaries. Nyiaj txiag intermediaries
Intermediaries - lawv yog leej twg? Trade intermediaries. Nyiaj txiag intermediaries

Video: Intermediaries - lawv yog leej twg? Trade intermediaries. Nyiaj txiag intermediaries

Video: Intermediaries - lawv yog leej twg? Trade intermediaries. Nyiaj txiag intermediaries
Video: МАЛЬДИВЫ, которые в самое сердце. Большой выпуск. 4K 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Lo lus "tus neeg nruab nrab" tau tshwm sim hauv kev ncig ntawm cov pej xeem zoo ib yam tsis ntev los no - txawm tias nyob ze rau lub sijhawm Soviet, cov neeg uas muaj cov haujlwm no tau xyaum tsis tuaj. Nws yog qhov nkag siab - kev lag luam tau npaj tseg, thiab tsis muaj leej twg saib xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev muag khoom. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los xij, peb nyob hauv kev lag luam, thiab kev lag luam intermediaries, rau ntau qhov laj thawj, ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm yuav luag lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam.

lawv yog leej twg thiab lawv ntau haiv neeg

Muaj ntau qhov kev txhais ntawm lo lus "intermediary". Thawj qhov kev txhawj xeeb txog cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab kev pabcuam. Feem ntau, muaj ib txheej ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis ntxiv lossis cov kev pabcuam thiab cov neeg siv khoom kawg. Lawv yog cov neeg nruab nrab. Qhov thib ob txhais lus ntawm lo lus yog ib tug neeg uas pab tsim kev sib txuas ntawm ntau lub koom haum ua lag luam (tsis tas yuav yog cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom), cov neeg koom tes. Ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, cov neeg nruab nrab ntawm txhua hom muaj ib yam zoo sib xws - rau qee qhov lawv paub tias hauv ib qho chaw muaj cov chaw tsim khoom, thiab lwm qhov muaj (lossis yuav tsum yog) tus neeg yuav khoom uas xav tau cov khoom no..

Intermediaries yog
Intermediaries yog

Yog li, tus neeg ua raws li "qhia"cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm lub Hoobkas thiab cov neeg siv khoom. Intermediaries yog cov neeg uas tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog kev ua lag luam, tab sis kuj qee qhov lwm tus, piv txwv li, muab cov neeg siv khoom ntxiv rau cov kev pabcuam, qib uas, rau ib qho lossis lwm qhov, tsis muaj rau cov chaw tsim khoom. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau raws li tus neeg yuav khoom thiab sib txuas lus zoo nrog nws, piav qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom. Cov neeg nruab nrab hauv kev ua lag luam, hauv kev lag luam tsis yog cov kws tshaj lij txhua qhov: lawv tsuas yog sau nrog lawv cov haujlwm ib qho niche (kev lag luam thiab kev pabcuam) ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig los ua haujlwm nrog lawv rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb - tus neeg ua haujlwm rau feem pua thiab txaus siab muag ntau li ntau tau.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam

Muaj ib pawg sib cais - cov neeg muag khoom, txawm hais tias yuav luag tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov kev pabcuam ntawm cov neeg ntawm qhov profile no yog qee qhov kev muag khoom. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab cov kev taw qhia ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm yog qhov muaj cov khoom lossis kev pabcuam nrog tus nqi tsim (ntxiv) tus nqi. Nyob rau hauv no, xws li intermediaries txawv los ntawm, hais tias, nyiaj txiag brokers uas ua hauj lwm nrog "virtual" nqi rau cov txiaj los yog raw cov ntaub ntawv tsim los ntawm kev pauv. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas cov neeg muag khoom ua yog kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom.

Cov neeg muag khoom
Cov neeg muag khoom

Cov neeg no khwv tau ob txoj hauv kev - los ntawm kev yuav khoom hauv ntau, uas yog pheej yig dua, thiab tom qab ntawd muag ntawm cov khw muag khoom, uas yog kim dua, lossis tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev muag khoom. Dab tsi yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam nrog kev lag luam nruab nrab? Ua ntej, qhov nobrokers (muag khoom thiab kev pab cuam rau commissions, tus nqi ntawm uas, raws li txoj cai, yog pom zoo ua ntej). Cov pawg ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab no suav nrog cov tswv lag luam, uas nws cov haujlwm raug kho, tsis hais seb nws puas muag cov tsev - cov tsev tshiab lossis "secondary". Cov neeg nruab nrab hauv vaj tsev yog ib txoj haujlwm tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam. Secondly, distributors yog resellers (kev muag khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab rau cov neeg muag khoom, lawv khwv tau ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi). Thib peb, muaj cov neeg muag khoom mus ncig ua si (cov neeg muag khoom thoob ntiaj teb uas tshaj tawm thiab muag cov khoom, khwv tau los ntawm ntau hom phiaj xwm, raws li txoj cai, taug kev los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw txhua lub sijhawm). Plaub, cov no yog cov tswv lag luam (raws li txoj cai, lawv rov muag cov khoom muag ntawm tus nqi txo ncaj qha los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom lossis cov chaw tsim khoom).

Nyiaj txiag Intermediaries

Ib zaug, tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua lwm yam kev lag luam nrog nyiaj, tsuas yog yuav lwm yam khoom rau lawv - cov txiaj ntsig tau ruaj khov (feem ntau khi rau tus nqi kub) tus nqi. Tam sim no cov nyiaj ntsuab ntws yog tag nrho cov teb rau speculation. Qhov no yog siv los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag intermediaries. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog nquag nquag hauv kev nqis peev. Qhov xav tau tshaj plaws ntawm cov nyiaj txiag intermediaries ntawm no yog qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nqis peev hauv ib qhov project. Tus neeg ua lag luam yog li tso siab rau kev pov tseg ntawm nws lub peev nyiaj yav tom ntej tsis yog rau cov khoom siv nyiaj ncaj qha, tab sis rau qee tus neeg uas muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas seb qhov project yuav muaj txiaj ntsig li cas, nws qhov kev cia siab yog dab tsi, feem ntau cov nyiaj txiag. Intermediaries coj lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub koomhaum uas txiav txim siab qhov twgnyiaj tau nqis peev.

Nyiaj txiag intermediaries
Nyiaj txiag intermediaries

Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws kom nkag siab tus qauv no yog los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb. Ua ntej, cov no yog cov neeg ntseeg siab: tau txais nyiaj los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, lawv txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev sib koom, cov cuab tam, lossis, tej zaum, qiv rau ib tus neeg. Qhov thib ob, cov no yog cov koomhaum qiv nyiaj - muaj ntawm lawv cov nyiaj pov tseg ntawm cov neeg uas tau koom nrog lawv, lawv sim ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig pov tseg ntawm lawv. Thib peb, cov tsev txhab nyiaj kuj tuaj yeem raug faib ua cov nyiaj txiag nruab nrab (thaum nws los txog rau kev tso nyiaj). Plaub, cov no yog cov tuam txhab tuav pov hwm uas, tau txais nyiaj los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, siv nws ua ib feem ntawm ntau yam kev pabcuam. Fifthly, cov no yog cov nyiaj laus pension uas tig cov nyiaj ntawm cov pej xeem uas tau kos ib daim ntawv cog lus rau cov nyiaj tau txais txiaj ntsig thaum ib tug neeg ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm. Leej twg yog tus intermediaries nyiaj txiag? Cov no yog cov koom haum tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog cov nyiaj ntsuab ntws, uas tuaj yeem ua ntau hom, tab sis cov ntsiab lus hauv txhua kis tseem nyob ib yam.

Tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm kev lag luam

Kev ua lag luam yog qhov tshwm sim ntau theem. Cov chaw tsim khoom, txhawm rau muag nws cov khoom, yuav tsum, thawj zaug, paub cov neeg yuav khoom nrog qhov tseeb ntawm nws qhov kev tso tawm, thiab thib ob, xa cov khoom mus rau cov neeg siv khoom kawg. Yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem ua nws ntawm koj tus kheej, ces kev lag luam intermediaries yuav los cawm. Muaj ntau hom kev kawm ntawm cov haujlwm no. Piv txwv li, cov no yog cov tuam txhab rau kev txhawb nqa logistics ntawm cov khoom, cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb hauv kev khaws cov khoom hauv warehouses, ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom tsim. Ntau zauslawv feem ntau yog siv los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom uas tsis muaj cov peev txheej sab hauv rau cov haujlwm hais txog lossis tsis muaj nyiaj txiag rau cov hom phiaj no.

Marketing intermediaries
Marketing intermediaries

Lwm qeb ntawm kev lag luam intermediaries yog cov qiv nyiaj (lossis cov tub ua lag luam) uas muaj peev xwm muab kev lag luam nrog kev ua haujlwm peev los tsim cov khoom tsim nyog lossis nthuav cov neeg ua haujlwm los txhawb cov khoom. Ntxiv rau cov neeg qiv nyiaj, tus neeg ua lag luam tuaj yeem tig mus rau cov tuam txhab pov hwm uas muaj kev xaiv rau kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam lossis kev lag luam. Lwm qeb ntawm kev lag luam intermediaries yog cov tuam txhab thiab cov neeg lag luam uas pab cov neeg tsim khoom los kawm txog kev lag luam, tshaj tawm cov khoom kom raug, txheeb xyuas qhov xav tau thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.

Kev pab cuam nruab nrab

Kev pabcuam, raws li koj paub, muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv uas paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom - cov no yog intangibility, perishability, inseparability los ntawm qhov chaw muab, nrog rau siab volatility (variability) zoo. Vim yog cov yam ntxwv no, lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab hauv kev pabcuam feem ntau yog txwv. Txij li cov kev pabcuam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, tus neeg siv khoom, yam tsis tau sim lawv tus kheej, yuav tsis tuaj yeem tau txais lub tswv yim txog lawv cov khoom tiag, txog qib kev pabcuam hauv ib lub tuam txhab. Cov neeg nruab nrab tuaj yeem, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, muaj xim zoo nkauj piav qhia txog qhov chaw ntawm kev muab kev pabcuam, tab sis kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov kev ua no yuav tsis tas li siab. Tus neeg siv khoom xav xav txog qhov kev pom zoo ntawm nws tus neeg paub, thiab tsis yog tus neeg paub me me, ua kom pom tseeb dua, txawm tiastus hais lus zoo heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev lag luam rau kev sib haum xeeb hauv kev pabcuam, thiab muaj cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb hauv cov haujlwm no. Lawv lub npe hu ua "service franchisor" lossis "service intermediary".

Kev Pabcuam Intermediary
Kev Pabcuam Intermediary

Lawv nkag rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog lub hauv paus ntawm cov kev pabcuam thiab tau txais los ntawm nws "franchise" - tshwj xeeb cov cai los muab kev pabcuam raws li kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam, daim ntawv lo, thev naus laus zis. Tus tswv lag luam txhais cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb raws li nws cov kev pabcuam yuav tsum tau muab. Yog tias nws txiav txim siab tias lwm qhov chaw muaj ib lub tuam txhab lossis ib tus neeg ua lag luam muaj peev xwm muab kev pabcuam raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, ces nws tuaj yeem ua tiav daim ntawv cog lus franchise nrog nws thiab xyuas kom meej tias tus neeg siv khoom yuav tau txais ib yam li nws tuaj rau " head office” structure.

Retail sector

Muaj ib subspecies ntawm resellers hu ua "cov khw muag khoom". Lawv yuav cov khoom los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lossis tus muag khoom, txhawm rau muag lawv rau cov neeg siv khoom kawg ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Khw muag khoom intermediaries ua hauj lwm nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub tis raws. Lawv muaj ob peb yam yooj yim functions. Ua ntej, nws yog kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm cov khw muag khoom lag luam muag khoom lag luam txheeb xyuas cov khoom lag luam, xaiv cov tuam txhab lag luam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov qauv kev lag luam, thiab sau cov khoom lag luam catalogs. Qhov thib ob, qhov no yog kev tshaj tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm - xaj thiab tso cov khoom lag luam hauv kev tshaj tawm, TV, Is Taws Nem, tso cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom hauv lub khw qhov rais, luam ntawv cov ntaub ntawv lag luam thiab tsim lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khoom. Thib peb,Qhov no yog qhov chaw tso thiab khaws cov khoom hauv tsev rau khoom, tso lawv tawm ntawm lub txee, saib xyuas qhov tshiab thiab zoo li qub. Thib plaub, nws yog kev txhawb nqa thev naus laus zis ntawm kev lag luam nrog cov neeg yuav khoom - tau txais, kev daws teeb meem thiab kev pabcuam nyiaj ntsuab, kev txais nyiaj ntsuab, pauv thiab xa rov qab ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no kuj tseem muaj xws li qiv nyiaj, luv nqi txoj cai. Thib tsib, nws yog kev muab ntau yam kev pabcuam rau cov neeg siv khoom - xa khoom, ua haujlwm ntawm kev thov, tuav cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv zej zog.

Logistic intermediaries

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam yog logistics. Intermediaries kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Lawv tau muab faib ua peb pawg tseem ceeb - 3PL cov chaw muab kev pabcuam, 4PL cov chaw muab kev pabcuam thiab cov tuam txhab nqaim profile. Logistic intermediaries tshwm sim vim lub siab xav ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam kom mloog zoo thiab ncaj qha cov peev nyiaj ua haujlwm pub dawb rau cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom lag luam, cov chaw tsim khoom tig mus rau cov lag luam thib peb (hauv hom "outsourcing"). Cov tuam txhab ntawm qhov nqaim profile ntsig txog kev xa khoom nruab nrab yog cov neeg xa khoom, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom thauj thiab cov chaw khaws khoom, thiab cov tuam txhab thauj khoom. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau npaj los ua qee yam ntawm "outsourcing" ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. 3PL (thib peb tog logictics) - tuam txhab uas muag muaj peev xwm muab kev pabcuam logistics. Lawv ua ntau yam haujlwm, tab sis lawv yog txhua tus neeg nruab nrab. Cov no yog cov koom haum uas sib koom ua ke rau hauv cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom. Cov ntawv cog lus uas tau txiav txim siab ntawm lub Hoobkas thiab cov koom haum zoo li no feem ntau yog lub sijhawm ntev,kev sib raug zoo yog kev ntseeg. Qee lub sij hawm 3PL-cov neeg muab kev pabcuam tau txais kev lav phib xaub (uas yog qhov tsis tshua muaj rau kev lag luam "outsourcing" kev pabcuam). Kuj tseem muaj 4PL-cov neeg muab kev pabcuam - lawv yog cov tuam txhab muab cov kev pabcuam ua tiav ntau tshaj plaws, ib hom "kev siv" cov neeg muab kev pabcuam cuam tshuam hauv kev lag luam logistics.

Kev pabcuam hauv Is Taws Nem

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam online, ib hom tshiab ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab tau tshwm sim. Nws tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus meej, cia peb hu lawv "Intermediaries intermediaries". Cov no yog cov neeg uas ua kom muaj kev txav ntawm cov khoom los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom lossis cov chaw tsim khoom mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom siv Internet raws. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog cov koom haum raug cai lossis cov tib neeg uas pab xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog (raws li kev xaiv, lawv txhais cov lus piav qhia rau tus neeg yuav khoom hom lus), tswj kev xa khoom, thiab muab cov txheej txheem pauv lossis xa rov qab. Intermediaries txuas nrog kev lag luam online hauv cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv qab no. Ua ntej, yog lub khw hauv online tsis tuaj yeem xa cov khoom xa tuaj rau lub tebchaws uas tus neeg yuav khoom nyob. Qhov thib ob, tus neeg nruab nrab tuaj yeem pab xa cov khoom sai dua li tus neeg muag khoom yuav ua raws li cov qauv txheej txheem. Thib peb, tus neeg yuav khoom yuav xav tau kev pab los ntawm cov neeg thib peb yog tias nws ua kev yuav khoom hauv khw sib txawv, thiab cov khoom xa tuaj ntau dhau - koj xav tau ib tus neeg tuaj yeem "sau" cov khoom sib txawv thiab xa lawv ntawm tus nqi zoo dua rau ib qho. chaw nyob. Thib plaub, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom nrog lub teb chaws ntawm cov khoom hauv lub tebchaws yog qee qhov nyuaj los yog thaiv (piv txwv li, lub khw tsis lees txais nyiaj hauv tuam txhab nyiaj hauv Lavxias lossis tsis.muaj cov zaub mov hauv Lavxias).

Txoj kev ua haujlwm nrog tus neeg nruab nrab

Kev lag luam Lavxias tseem tab tom txhim kho, thiab cov qauv rau ntau cov kev pabcuam tseem tsis tau tsim. Yog li ntawd, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg lag luam thiab cov neeg nruab nrab hauv peb lub teb chaws yog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm kev ua lag luam dictates nws tus kheej qhov tseeb. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm kev ua lag luam tam sim no yog hais tias Lavxias teb sab intermediaries tej zaum kuj xav tactically - lawv sib tham ib tug lucrative daim ntawv cog lus nrog inflated paj. Qhov no tsis zoo rau leej twg. Cov chaw tsim khoom, paub tias nws them nyiaj ntau dhau, yuav xaiv lwm tus neeg koom tes, thiab cov neeg siv khoom kawg yuav raug yuam kom yuav cov khoom kim vim tias muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab.

Khw muag khoom intermediaries
Khw muag khoom intermediaries

Nyob hauv cov teb chaws tsim, txoj hauv kev feem ntau yog sib txawv, ntau "kev tawm tswv yim", thiab qhov no zoo siab txais tos los ntawm cov koom haum lag luam. Intermediaries nyob ntawd tsis cia siab tias thiab tsis sib zog ua kom tau nyiaj ib zaug, tab sis sim ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo mus ntev nrog cov tuam ntxhab ntawm cov khoom. Feem ntau vim li no, cov nqi hauv cov khw muag khoom nyob sab Europe thiab Asmeskas qis dua peb li (txawm tias lub Hoobkas nqi yuav siab dua). Cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv Russia txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua lag luam ntawm cov neeg muag khoom muaj kev cia siab tshaj plaws, thaum tus nqi ntawm cov khoom muab rau cov neeg siv khoom kawg yog pom zoo los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom nws tus kheej. Qhov kev txhawb siab rau cov neeg muag khoom yog luv nqi ntawm qhov tau txais cov khoom (uas tuaj yeem nce yog tias muag tau zoo).

Asmeskas kev sib haum xeeb style thiab Lavxias qhov tseeb

Teb Chaws Asmeskas, uas muaj kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, suav tias yog tus xa khoom sivprofessional intermediaries. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg muag khoom Asmeskas yog qhov zoo nkauj, "faj". Kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab rau cov neeg siv khoom noj cov xim ntawm pathos, cov lus cog tseg ntawm ntau, "txhua yam ib zaug." Txoj hauv kev no tau txhawb nqa hauv phau ntawv qhia txog kev lag luam hauv Asmeskas cov tsev kawm qib siab, thiab tsis ntev los no hauv Lavxias. Txog rau tam sim no, ntau tus neeg lag luam hauv peb lub teb chaws ntseeg tias tus tuav ntawm kev sib tham siab ua haujlwm yog Asmeskas cov neeg nruab nrab, lawv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, raws li cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias, cov kws tshaj lij hauv lawv thaj chaw. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tuaj txawv teb chaws yog suav tias yog tib qho tseeb xwb.

Kev lag luam intermediaries
Kev lag luam intermediaries

Tab sis qhov twg yog qhov style ntawm Asmeskas tus neeg nruab nrab sib haum nrog Lavxias qhov tseeb? Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv ib qho me me heev. Cov neeg Lavxias tau tsim muaj qee yam kev tiv thaiv rau kev nthuav qhia, ci ntsa iab, kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg hais lus, rau cov neeg nruab nrab uas muag cov khoom tsis tu ncua thiab lees paub. Yog li ntawd, siv American tactics, ib tug intermediary ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia yuav tsis ntsib ib tug ntau heev thov rau cov khoom muag, tab sis tsis kam. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias hauv Tebchaws Meskas nws tus kheej, tus neeg siv khoom hloov pauv. Sociability, txais tos, gullibility, openness ntawm American buyers yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los.

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