Technological txheej txheem hauv mechanical engineering. Automated txheej txheem tswj systems

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm. Nws suav nrog txheej txheej txheej txheem ua nyob rau hauv ib ntus, qhov kev txiav txim uas yog tsom rau kev hloov cov duab, qhov loj me thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tsim. Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog mechanical, thermal, compression processing. Raws li kev sib dhos, khoom siv, kev kho siab thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub Hoobkas tsim khoom, lub tuam tsev ntawm tus kws tshaj lij thev naus laus zis yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua cov txheej txheem zoo li no thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis. Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub tuam tsev tswj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Tsim kom raug thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis hauv kev tsim kho tshuab thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm lwm qib ua kom nws ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog yam tsawg kawg nkaus.tus nqi. Ob qho khoom siv thiab quab yuam thiab ib ntus.

Mechanical engineering raws li hom kev tsim khoom

Engineering raws li ib hom kev tsim khoom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej siv thoob ntiaj teb, vim tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab cov duab, universal fixtures thiab ntsuas cov cuab yeej yog nqa tawm. Qhov kev lag luam no muab tsis tau tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, tab sis kuj tseem siv cov tib neeg lub cev ua haujlwm - tom qab tag nrho, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab tsim tau ua tiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv thiab kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog. Nyob rau hauv xws li cov nroj tsuag, tus nqi ntawm ntau qhov chaw yog feem ntau kwv yees yuav ntau dua, txawm tias productivity yog tsawg dua. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab engineering xws li turbine, shipbuilding, chemical nroj tsuag, thiab cov tuam txhab engineering hnyav. Ntxiv mus, niaj hnub no ntawm cov niaj hnub tshuab-tsim nroj tsuag uas ua hauj lwm rau loj los yog serial ntau lawm, muaj kev sim kev tshawb fawb Rhiav, qhov chaw ua hauj lwm yog nqa tawm los tsim tshiab qauv ntawm cov cav tov nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv luam - thiab qhov no yog prerogative ntawm ib tug neeg tshuab ntau lawm.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem tsim nyog hais tias kev tsim vaj tsev hauv tsev yog tsom rau kev tsim tsheb loj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim thiab tsim khoom yog tsom rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo ib yam nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog tsom rau qhov tshwj xeeb nqaim.chaw ua hauj lwm, semi-automatic tshuab, tshuab cuab yeej, modular installation. Thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, muaj cov cuab yeej siv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev hloov pauv dav ntawm qhov chaw ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los koom tes nrog cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis nrog kev tswj hwm lub tshuab.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim tshuab. Nuances

Raws li nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, kev tsim kho tshuab ua haujlwm tau muab rau kev faib cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm rau hauv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb nrog rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam no ntawm kev tsim tawm. Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv thiab cais lub sijhawm ua haujlwm sib txawv ntawm ib leeg.

Dab tsi ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tau sawv cev los ntawm cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm lub tshuab tsim? Xav txog lawv:

1. Technological lag luam - ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem, thaum lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem ntawm workpieces ua los ntawm ib lub cuab tam (cov ntaub ntawv, cutter) ntawm ib qho chaw ua hauj lwm (piv txwv li, ib tug tshuab cuab tam) yog ua. Tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua los ntawm ib lossis ob peb tus neeg ua haujlwm ib zaug. Raws li qhov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem yooj yim lossis nyuaj. Qhov kawg, dhau los, tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom sib cais, uas yog hu ua kev teeb tsa hauv kev tsim khoom.
2. Technological installation yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub xeev tsis hloov pauv workpiece clamping.
3. Txoj haujlwm yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm txoj haujlwm tsis hloovworkpiece txheeb ze rau cov cuab yeej (tsis suav nrog cov kev txav uas yog vim kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub workpiece nws tus kheej lossis lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej).
4. Kev hloov pauv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tas li ntawm lub tshuab lossis cuab yeej.
5. Kev hla yog ib feem ntawm kev hloov pauv uas ua rau tshem tawm cov txheej hlau (lossis lwm yam khoom yog tias nws tsis yog hlau).
6. Kev txais tos ua haujlwm - ua tiav kev ua tiav ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub Hoobkas tshuab-tsev khw, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev txuas lossis tshem tawm cov cuab yeej txiav, lub workpiece nws tus kheej, thiab lwm yam.

Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis. Essence

Cov qauv ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering yog sawv cev los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov khoom tiav los ntawm ntau theem ua haujlwm sib txawv. Feem ntau cov theem no yog sawv cev los ntawm theem kev yuav khoom, theem ua thiab theem sib dhos. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog dab tsi ntawm txhua theem hauv cov qauv ntawm mechanical engineering?

Npaj theem

theem kev yuav khoom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem kom tau txais qhov khoob los ntawm cov hauv qab no:

1. Casting - suav nrog sau lub thawv, pwm lossis kab noj nrog cov khoom uas nyob hauv cov kua dej ntawm kev sib sau.
2. stamping yog txheej txheem ntawm cov yas deformation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog kev hloov kho ntawm lawv cov duab thiab qhov loj me.
3. Nias - kuaj cov khoom kom muaj zog (qhov ntom ntom, nruj) ntawm hydraulic lossis pneumatic xwm hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siab.
4. Kev tsaws yog kev ua haujlwm hlau,uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub deformation ntawm lub workpiece nrog ib feem ntawm cov cua ntsawj ntshab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim ib tug thickening ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev txo nws ntev.
5. Hlau txiav thiab khoov yog cov txheej txheem ntawm deforming lossis faib cov yeeb nkab hlau, ntawv lossis casting rau hauv nws cov khoom.
6. Txiav ntawm cov yob lossis cov ntaub ntawv - xuas nrig ntaus, xuas nrig ntaus, txiav thiab txiav cov khoom siv hlau, ua tiav txhawm rau faib cov txheej txheem hlau ua kom sib cais.

Thaum kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem kev yuav khoom, kev hloov mus rau theem thib ob hauv cov qauv ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering tau ua tiav.

txheej txheem txheej

Cov theem ua haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tig ntau yam khoom seem rau hauv cov khoom tiav. Cov txheej txheem ua li cas txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering hauv theem ob ntawm kev tsim khoom? Xav txog lawv:

1. Metalworking yog txheej txheej txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov duab, qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab zoo ntawm cov hlau thiab hlau.
2. Kev kho cua sov yog txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov cua sov rau cov hlau txhawm rau muab cov khoom tsim nyog (tshwj xeeb, qhov tsim nyog loj thiab cov duab).
3. Kev kho tshuaj - cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev tsom mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlau los ntawm etching hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm alkalis thiab acids.
4. Chemico-thermal kev kho mob yog kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal thiab acid-base, thaum lub sij hawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau yog saturated nrog carbon.
5. Plasma processing yog cov txheej txheem ua cov khoom siv uas sivTsawg-kub plasma generated los ntawm high-frequency los yog arc plasma torches thiaj li hloov cov khoom ntawm cov khoom no.
6. Galvanization yog thev naus laus zis ntawm txheej ib lub hlau nrog lwm tus siv cov khoom siv electrolytic.
7. Painting - sib tsoo, polishing thiab txheej cov khoom siv nrog cov xim lossis cov kua roj vanish txhawm rau muab nws qhov zoo nkauj tiav.
8. Vuam yog txheej txheem ntawm qhov txuas kom ruaj ntseg txuas rau hauv ib qho qauv.
9. Passivation - kho thaj chaw tom qab vuam nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, uas yog siv rau hauv ib txheej txheej rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom.

Thaum kawg ntawm qhov deformation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, txiav thiab khoov ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau tom qab ua cov khoom lag luam los ntawm ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb tsim kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb, kev hloov pauv mus rau theem peb ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog ua tau.

Sib dhos kauj ruam

theem kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering muab rau cov xwm txheej sib sau ua ke thiab ncaj qha ntawm cov hlau khoob. Docking ntawm ntau yam hlau profiles tuaj yeem ua tau ntau txoj hauv kev:

1. Packing ib leeg los ua ke units rau hauv ib qho tag nrho cov khoom kawg.
2. Txhim kho-kev xa khoom sib dhos.
3. Test kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom rau hauv ib lub qauv hlau.

Teeb meem ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering hauv Russia

Qhov kev sib tw dhau mus txuas ntxiv yog qhov xav tau rau kev kho dua tshiab. Qhov teeb meem ntawm lagging domesticntau lawm los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no-chav kawm kev lag luam yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau qhov tsawg profitability ntawm xws li cov ceg ntawm lub tshuab ntau lawm raws li ntsuas ntsuas, tshuab cuab yeej tsev, computer technology, hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob industries. Qhov teeb meem no yuav tsum tau daws sai li sai tau.

Raws li qhov xwm txheej thiab kev coj ua, cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering hauv kev tsim khoom hauv tsev tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg sib cais. Nov yog:

1. Qhov tsis zoo hauv kev txhim kho lub tshuab-tsev complex - qhov teeb meem yog vim qhov kev loj hlob qis ntawm cov kev lag luam ua lag luam, kev poob qis hauv kev tsim khoom, kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev poob qis ntawm cov neeg lag luam, cov nqi qis ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab nyob rau theem ntawm cov zis.
2. Tsis muaj peev txheej rau kev hloov kho cov qauv - tsis txaus tsim cov ceg ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev yuav tsum tau rov ua dua, thiab tsis muaj nyiaj txaus rau qhov no. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev lag luam yuav tsum tau txo qis qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej ntu ntawm kev tsim tawm: qhov chaw nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txhim kho cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis, qhov chaw los ntxiv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom nrog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm.
3. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tsim - qhov tsis ua raws li cov tshuab tsim khoom (lawv feem coob) nrog cov tshuab ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov qauv, nrog rau kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov tsheb tsim ua rau qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm lawv cov khoom tiav. cov qauv twb ib xyoos tom qab ua haujlwm. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom zoo li no yog 20-30% hauv tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeebua qauv.

Technological txheej txheem automation

Kev tswj hwm lub tshuab tsis siv neeg hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev siv tshuab tshuab yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua kom muaj peev xwm ntau ntxiv hauv tag nrho cov tshuab engineering ntu. Qhov no txhais li cas?

Kev tsim khoom automation yog hnub no lub ntsiab lus qhia uas tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb tau txav mus los. Txhua yam uas yav dhau los tau ua los ntawm tus neeg siv lub peev xwm ua haujlwm, nws lub cev lub zog thiab lub peev xwm ntawm kev txawj ntse, tag nrho cov no nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, uas nws tus kheej ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab saib xyuas lawv cov kev siv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg raug txo kom tsawg - nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau saib xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm uas yog tsom rau kev ua kom zoo hauv kev tsim khoom hauv tsev. Nws yooj yim.

Automation ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis hauv kev tsim kho tshuab yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm uas suav nrog kev pib, nres, tswj lossis hloov cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub chaw ua haujlwm tag nrho. Nws yeej ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam tag nrho. Tus nqi ntawm tus kheej lub tshuab, cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv, cov tshuab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib qho kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tshiab ntawm lub tshuab tsim cov nroj tsuag tag nrho. Tom qab tag nrho, cov khoom tswj hwm hauv automation muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab ua tau zoo heev hauv lawv lub hom phiaj.

Hloov tib neeg txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tauyuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib feem los yog kiag li hloov. Cov txheej txheem ntawm mechanical engineering yog ua tiav los ntawm cov khoom siv automation tshiab, lossis nrog kev hloov ib nrab ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Tsis yog txhua lub chaw tsim khoom muaj peev xwm los hloov tib neeg kev ua haujlwm tag nrho nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qee tus tsis muaj peev xwm txaus rau qhov no, ib tus neeg tsis muaj cov cuab yeej siv, thiab ib tus neeg tsis muaj kev txawj ua haujlwm nrog qhov txawv txav, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tswj cov txheej txheem tswj tau zoo heev.

Yam khoom yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm

Tab sis tsis yog tib neeg txhais tes niaj hnub no tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab nrog cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm siab uas tuaj yeem teb rau cov lus hais me ntsis ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb tias muaj kev hloov pauv ncaj qha ntawm tus neeg ntawm lub tshuab nrog kev teeb tsa tshwj xeeb, nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, automation ntawm cov hauv qab no hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering yog ua tau:

1. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom - tag nrho cov haujlwm uas ib tus neeg ua txhua hnub nrog kev rov ua dua ntawm kev ua haujlwm tawm mus rau lub tshuab tuaj yeem hloov pauv tsis tu ncua los ntawm lub tshuab.
2. Tsim - raws li tau hais los saum toj no, tsis yog tsuas yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg lub cev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem tshuaj xyuas thiab hloov kho rau lawv cov kev xav tau ntau lawm. Kev txawj ntse kev ua haujlwm kuj raug rau automation. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev suav thiab kos cov algorithms raug rau kev suav hauv hluav taws xob yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim kho lub computer kom raug.
3. Lub Koom Haum - qee yam ntawm kev faib tawm haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv siv hluav taws xob tsuas yog raug rau kev tswj hwm sab nraud. Txhua yam txheej txheem ua nws tus kheej.
4. Kev Npaj - suav thiab txheeb xyuas cov haujlwm yuav ua tiav yav tom ntej tseem raug xa mus rau "smart electronics".
5. Control - txhawm rau tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas sib sau ua ke, nws txaus tsuas yog ua kom yooj yim thawb-khawm manipulations thaum sawv ntawm cov tswj vaj huam sib luag.
6. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb - txhua yam lej thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev suav tsis raug ntawm cov khoom lag luam loj hlob ntawm lub tshuab tsim cov nroj tsuag hauv cov dynamics kuj raug rau cov tshuab suav nrog.
7. Cov txheej txheem lag luam - yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem suav qhov piv ntawm koj cov nyiaj tau los thiab cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev ua lag luam ua lag luam, vim tias cov cuab yeej siv computer tuaj yeem ua txhua yam rau tib neeg.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov txheej txheem automation yog ua kom cov neeg ua haujlwm tau zoo nrog rau kev txhim kho tag nrho ntawm cov khoom zoo thiab kev qhia txog cov cuab yeej siv high-tech. Nrog nws cov kev pab, nws yuav ua tau kom optimize kev tswj ntawm lub tshuab-tsev ntau lawm, kom txav ib tug neeg los ntawm industrial zones txaus ntshai rau kev noj qab haus huv. Thiab tseem yuav ua rau kom muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab ob npaug ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm precision engineering. Vim tias automation nce kev hloov pauv thiab txo lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hauv kev npaj.

1. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hauv lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm? Xav txog lawv:
2. Ua ntej, koj tuaj yeem txuag cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv lub cev nyuaj tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav thiab lub cev hnyav. Lub tshuab tuaj yeem ua txhua yam rau tib neeg.
3. Thib ob, koj tuaj yeem cawm cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm kev nyob hauv chaw ua haujlwm hauv cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai (hauv qab lub hinged ntawm lub tsheb, tom qab lub tshuab txiav hlau, thiab lwm yam).
4. Thib peb, lub prerogative los teem ua ntej lub automated system cov hauj lwm uas, raws li lub cev muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug neeg, yuav dhau nws lub hwj chim. Peb tab tom tham txog cov khoom hnyav hnyav, kev ua haujlwm nrawm, kev ua siab ntev thiab cov qauv zoo sib xws.
5. Fourthly, lub ntsiab feature ntawm workflow automation yog hais tias nws muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm economic indicators, As kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam tag nrho.

Flaws

Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv tsis siv neeg. Kev thauj mus los engineering, tshuab cuab yeej tsim khoom lossis lwm yam kev lag luam kev lag luam ntsib cov kev tsis zoo hauv qab no hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm automation:

• txoj haujlwm txiav;
• kev txwv tsis pub siv;
• muaj kev hem thawj kev nyab xeeb;
• tsis muaj kev cia siab ntawm kev siv thiab kev tsim kho tus nqi;
• tus nqi pib siab.

Technological documentation

Txhua txoj haujlwm raws li kev yuav khoom, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib dhos ntawm cov khoom hauv kev tsim kho tshuab yuav tsum tau nrog rau kev npaj thiab ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam. Daim ntawv teev npe thiab lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob ntawm seb hom txheej txheem thev naus laus zis (pab pawg, tus qauv, ib leeg), hom kev tsim khoom thiab qib kev siv cov kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tuam txhab. Raws li cov txheej txheem no thiab suav nrog qib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau, kev nthuav qhia thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau lawv qhov ua tiav, tuaj yeem sib txawv heev.

Feem ntau, cov ntaub ntawv rau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis suav nrog daim ntawv qhia txoj kev, chav ua haujlwm, daim duab kos duab, daim ntawv teev cov cuab yeej, daim ntawv teev cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis thiab cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv.