Citric acid ntau lawm: kev npaj, txheej txheem thiab cov khoom

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Citric acid tau tshawb pom ntau pua xyoo dhau los, tab sis keeb kwm ntawm nws cov khoom lag luam tag nrho ntawm cov chaw muaj peev xwm tsuas yog hais txog txij li xyoo 1919. Txij thaum ntawd los, technologists pib siv cov txheej txheem microbiological, kev loj hlob uas tsis tau nres rau hnub no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, niaj hnub tsim cov citric acid yog heterogeneous thiab koom nrog ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tsim cov khoom kawg. Kev xaiv ntawm ib lossis lwm txoj kev txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntawm ib lub tuam txhab, tab sis kuj yog los ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam.

Kev Taw Qhia rau Citric Acid

Raws li tus neeg tswj xyuas cov kua qaub, cov khoom no tau nquag siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Tab sis citric acid tsis tsuas yog siv los kho saj. Nyob ntawm kev tsim technology, nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub txee lub neej ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Los ntawm qhov kev pom no, kev tsim cov txiv qaubCov kua qaub nyob rau hauv Russia tuaj yeem muab tso rau qhov sib npaug nrog cov thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov ascorbic, acetic thiab lactic acids, nrog rau lawv cov derivatives.

Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, vim nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo li antioxidant thiab antioxidant synergist, citric acid tam sim no siv yuav luag ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim khoom noj. Qhov nrov ntawm cov kua qaub no kuj tau yooj yim los ntawm nws cov khoom noj khoom haus. Cov kua qaub no muaj qab ntxiag thiab me ntsis saj - tsawg kawg yog thaum piv nrog lwm cov khoom ntawm hom no. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov qualities yog manifested nyob rau hauv dej qab zib thiab confectionery. Tseem muaj ntau pab pawg ntsev uas tau txais nyob rau hauv cov kev mob ntawm microbiological zus tau tej cov citric acid - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, sodium citrate yuav siv tau raws li ib tug melting ntsev. Qhov zoo ntawm sodium citrate muaj xws li muaj peev xwm tau txais nws hauv cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov, nrog rau kev tshem tawm ntawm qhov ua kom khaus thaum raug rau cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab ua pa.

khoom lag luam tsim khoom

Lub npe citric acid nyiam cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo citrus, txawm li cas los xij, cov kua qaub no muaj nyob hauv ntau qib hauv txhua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, paj rwb thiab koob. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj qhov chaw tsim khoom tau raug teeb tsa raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua cov kua txiv qaub. Hauv xyoo 1920, kwv yees li 25% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tau txais los ntawm txoj kev no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim tshuab nws tus kheej yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, txij li kwv yees li 25 kg ntawm cov khoom ntshiab tau txais los ntawm 1 tuj ntawm txiv qaub. Niaj hnub no, kev tsim cov khoom noj citric acid tau raug teeb tsantawm kev siv thev naus laus zis ntau dua thiab cov peev txheej siv zog, suav nrog kev siv cov khoom siv tshiab tshiab xws li molasses thiab pwm pwm. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no kuj txiav txim siab qhov kev txiav txim siab logistical ntawm qhov chaw ntawm sodium citrate ntau lawm nyob ze ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom qab zib.

Tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias qhov kev tsim khoom zoo li no ua rau nws tus kheej los ntawm kev txhais hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev thov siab. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias raws li lub manufacturability ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, yog li ntawd cov cuab yeej siv, uas txhais tau hais tias kev nce nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab kev tu lub peev xwm. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev xav txog kev lag luam zoo rau kev tsim cov citric acid, uas yuav qhia tau txhua yam ntawm cov koom haum thiab kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam. Nrog rau kev tsim cov kev daws teeb meem rau equipping cov cuab yeej tsim khoom thiab tsim cov qauv logistic nrog kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev lag luam, nws tseem yuav tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg kom nws tuaj yeem sib tw hauv qee qhov kev lag luam. Rau qhov no nws tsim nyog ntxiv kev hloov kho rau cov qauv huv huv thiab huv si uas tswj yuav luag txhua qhov kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tau txais cov kua qaub no.

Physic-chemical nthuav qhia ntawm thev naus laus zis

Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub rau kev tsim cov citric acid feem ntau yog ua raws li hydrolysis ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, uas suav nrog txog li 30% ntawm cov khoom qhuav qhuav nrog lub peev xwm amylolytic. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ntawm cov ntxhia ntsev nrog sulfates ntawm tooj liab, zinc thiab hlau tuaj yeem ntxiv rau lawv. Lub hauv paus no tom qab dhau los ua fermentation hauv cov khoom nruab nrab los ntawm cov pwm pwm.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm fermentation thiab cais ntawm fungal biomass, kab lis kev cai tov yog tsim, uas pib muaj txog li 85% citric acid. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm acid-resistant enzymes tau nyob rau theem no yog nce amylolytic kev ua si. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no cuam tshuam txog glucoamylase thiab amylase.

Qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim cov citric acid tom qab dhau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm pabcuam raug soj ntsuam hauv chav kuaj los ntawm ntau yam kev ntsuas zoo, suav nrog kev ua haujlwm amylolytic ntawm kab lis kev cai daws teeb meem.

Technologies ua "txiv qaub"

Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog ua nyob rau hauv ob peb theem thev naus laus zis ntawm cov cuab yeej sib txawv. Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev teeb tsa lub Hoobkas - suav nrog monoblock thiab prefabricated modular sawv daws yuav. Ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas niaj hnub thev naus laus zis ntawm citric acid ntau lawm, cov hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:

1. Cov txheej txheem ua kom zoo rau kev npaj thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom siv raw kom paub meej cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau ib puag ncig acidic fermentation.
2. Kev tsim cov spores hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb.
3. txheej txheem fermentation raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw.
4. Yog tias tsim nyog, hloov tag nrho lossis tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv raw rau cov txheej txheem fermentation.
5. Sib cais ntawm cov kua qaub los ntawm fermentation daws. Los ntawm txoj kev, txoj kev sib cais yog qhov lojdegrees txiav txim qhov zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov khoom.
6. Purification thiab crystallization ntawm cov kua qaub. Nyob rau theem no, cov cib fim qhib rau kev hloov kho cov khoom thiab kev tsim tawm ntawm lwm cov qauv ntawm cov kua qaub nyob rau hauv ntau configurations. Piv txwv li, ua ib feem ntawm kev tsim cov citric acid, syrups, monohydrate, dehydrated formulations, thiab sodium citrate dihydrate tuaj yeem tsim. Cov tshuaj kuj tseem raug tswj hwm.

Cov Khoom Siv Txheej Txheem

Cov hom kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev npaj cov nroj tsuag niaj hnub rau kev tsim cov citric acid suav nrog kev siv biotechnological installation. Qhov nruab nrab, lub peev xwm ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem zoo li no rau kev suav qhov ntim ntawm cov zis yog 200-250 tons / xyoo, thaum tawm hauv lub sijhawm txaus kom tau txais cov khoom hloov kho raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Lub hauv paus muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov cuab yeej no rau kev tsim cov citric acid suav nrog cov khoom siv hauv qab no thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob:

1. Evaporators.
2. Filters.
3. tshuab ziab khaub ncaws.
4. Crystalizers.
5. Infrastructure los txhawb kev lag luam logistics.

Kev ua tiav ntawm txoj haujlwm biotechnological installation tso cai rau peb muab tag nrho cov voj voog tsim khoom, hauv zos muab cov neeg siv khoom hauv cheeb tsam tag nrho nrog kev koom tes tsawg kawg ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob.

Hardware-technological tov ntawm hom no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov khoom tsim tawm, uas ua rau tus nqi qis ntawm cov khoom. Cov thev naus laus zis no rau kev tsim cov citric acid kuj yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua kom huv ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Raws li qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, nws ua tau raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj. Lwm qhov yog tias nws tseem tuaj yeem tso tawm cov khoom lag luam uas tau npaj tseg, tshwj xeeb, rau cov tshuaj ntxuav tes.

Npaj cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov citric acid

Cov khoom siv raw nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tom qab ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Nws txoj kev thiab tsis yog txiav txim siab tsis tsuas yog los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv raw, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom. Qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam derivative los ntawm sodium citrate kuj raug coj mus rau hauv tus account.

Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov citric acid yog molasses, uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau. Raws li rau nws cov txheej txheem, cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog pre-fermentation, uas yog tsim nyog rau nag lossis daus ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm cov ntshav daj ntsev. Yog tias tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ntxiv, cov ntsev hauv cov kua qaub no tuaj yeem ua tus inhibitor ntawm isocitrate dehydrogenases.

Lwm yam uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv raw yog cov fungus Aspergillus Niger. Cov lus nug tshwm sim - yog vim li cas, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm niaj hnub technologies, ib tug pwm fungus yog siv los tsim citric acid? Feem ntau, nws yuav tsum tau siv los xyuas kom meej qhov ua haujlwm ntawm tus tsim khoom. Nws cov tshuaj formula yog qhov zoo raunqa tawm ob peb txheej txheem ib zaug, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua los yog technologically tsis ncaj ncees thaum siv hluavtaws hloov. Tshwj xeeb, peb tab tom tham txog kev sib cais, kev thov thiab kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv tom qab.

Kev npaj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw kuj tseem yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv citric acid derivatives. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntxiv inclusions kuj yuav siv tau, xws li ethyl cawv, technical thiab ethanol-muaj intermediates nrog pov tseg los ntawm distilleries. Nyob rau hauv lem, zus tau tej cov citric acid los ntawm molasses yuav ua tiav los ntawm hexacyanoferrate clarification, sterilization thiab boiling txheej txheem.

Thaum siv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hydrolysates nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis huv hauv nruab nrab, kev npaj cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem decationization thiab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam tsis tu ncua.

Kev koom tes ntawm cov txheej txheem kev yug me nyuam

Cov txheej txheem microbiological zoo yuav tsum tau npaj cov noob zoo. Nyob rau hauv acid synthesis, cov khoom no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm spores yog nkag mus rau hauv lub fermentation tank thaum pib ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv optimized, lub tshuab rau zus tau tej cov molasses-raws li citric acid cais muab rau kev npaj ntawm spores rau yug me nyuam, nyob rau hauv uas kev ntsuam xyuas kuj ua. Yog tias kev tsim khoom mus sij hawm ntev, ces cov spores qhuav. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog ob qho tib si rau kev khaws cia mus ntev ntawm lawv cov kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kom ua tiav koob tshuaj.

Nyob rau theem tom ntej, cov substrates tau npaj, suav nrog sucrose, qabzib lossishmoov nplej. Cov khoom uas muaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog thawj zaug saccharified kom hloov mus rau hauv qabzib, uas yog siv los ua ib hom kev tsim khoom.

Txij li cov theem ntawm impurities ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv raw thiab substrates tuaj yeem siab dhau heev lawm, ntau lub tuam txhab tsim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau thawj purification ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Piv txwv li, kev ua ntxiv ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hydrolyzate rau citric acid hauv kev tsim khoom noj yuav suav nrog cov kauj ruam des alting. Tib cov txheej txheem ntawm sterilization thiab boiling nrog mechanical filtration yuav raug ntaus nqi mus rau lub universal thiab feem ntau siv tau txoj kev purification los ntawm impurities.

txheej txheem fermentation thiab acid ntau lawm

Nyob rau hauv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub los ua kom cov txheej txheem fermentation, tshwj xeeb bubbling fermenters yog siv, uas raug xaiv raws li npaj hom kab mob pwm tau tham saum toj no. Kev xaiv yog nqa tawm ua ke nrog kev ntsuam xyuas raws li qee qhov kev txwv, uas tso cai rau kev teeb tsa fermentation raws li tus neeg teeb tsa, suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov citric acid kuj suav nrog cov cuab yeej los tswj kev ua haujlwm metabolic ntawm cov kab mob bubbling.

Nyob rau theem ntawm kev cais cov kua qaub, txoj haujlwm yog kom tau txais cov tshuaj los ntawm qhov nruab nrab fermentation nrog thawj theem ntawm purification. Yuav kom nce qib ntawm purification, lub generating sib tov yuav tsum tau npaj kom haum. Tshwj xeeb, nws dhau los ua cov txheej txheem hauv qab nopretreatment:

1. Kev sib cais thiab kev daws teeb meem.
2. Mycelium sib cais ua haujlwm.
3. Sib cais ntawm calcium sulfate thiab decomposition ntawm fermentation loj.

Rau kev sib cais ntawm cov seem qhuav hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, siv cov ntxaij lim dej nrog kev tswj tsis siv neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau lub koom haum ntawm cov txheej txheem sediment filtration, tshwj xeeb centrifuges thiab separators nrog hluav taws xob tswj tshuab yog siv, uas ua rau kom qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom ua.

Nruab ntawm qhov tshwm sim citric acid

Them kawg ntawm kev tsim khoom, uas suav nrog kev ua haujlwm nyuaj ntawm cov khoom uas twb tau txais lawm. Cov txheej txheem no siv cov pa roj carbon activated nrog anion thiab cation txauv resins. Cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua kom huv li no yog siv rau hauv lub txaj ruaj khov hauv ob peb theem:

1. Cov txheej txheem ntawm evaporation ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
2. Crystalization hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev.
3. Crystal ntsuam xyuas hauv lub centrifuge.
4. Nyob nrog lub txaj dej.
5. Sifting process.

Evaporation yog ua nyob rau hauv ntau theem evaporator chav nrog cov kua zaj duab xis ntog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no, qhov xav tau evaporation coefficient ua tiav yam tsis txo cov neeg siv khoom ntawm citric acid. Kev noj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob rau theem no tuaj yeem txo qis vim muaj kev thermal compression ntawm vapor.

Raws li rau crystallization, cov txheej txheem citric acid no yog ua nrog kev yuam kev. Hauv qee qhovHauv kev teeb tsa kev lag luam ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev lag luam zaub mov, lub tshuab nqus tsev crystallizers yog tsim los ntawm tib lub hauv paus tsim ua ke nrog cov khoom siv rau kev tsim kho thiab cov khoom siv ntawm sodium citrate. Piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv lub cev qhuav dej thiab citric acid monohydrate.

Tsis yog tus nqi kawg ntawm lub sijhawm ua kom huv yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev rov ua dua cov tshuaj fermentation, nyob rau hauv uas kev sib cais ntawm uterine enzymes los ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua ncua kev kawm. Technically, cov txheej txheem no yog ua los ntawm lub centrifuge txuas ntxiv, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg.

Cov txheej txheem ziab kawg thiab sifting yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tuav ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab ua kom huv. Nyob rau theem no, cov kev cai rau daim ntawv tso tawm ntawm citric acid yuav ua lub luag hauj lwm - piv txwv li, fractionation yog ua raws li tus tsim particle loj.

Kev lag luam hauv tsev citric acid

Cov neeg koom tseem ceeb hauv ntu no hauv kev lag luam khoom noj hauv Lavxias suav nrog cov tuam ntxhab los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, uas tswj yuav luag ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm. Tab sis ib feem tseem ceeb kuj suav nrog cov tuam txhab Lavxias rau kev tsim cov citric acid, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tuam txhab Citrobel nyob hauv Belgorod. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yuav luag tsuas yog cov nroj tsuag hauv tsev uas muaj peev xwm thoob ntiaj teb. Cov koom haum ua lag luam hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus tau koom tes nrog cov chaw tsim khoom hauv lubtxawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian qab zib factories sawv tawm, nyob rau hauv Smila thiab Skidel, feem.

Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, Lavxias citric acid ua tau raws li kev cai tswj hwm ntawm GOST thiab ntim cov qauv tsim. Qhov no yog ib qho zoo uas tso cai rau cov nroj tsuag citric acid hauv tebchaws Russia kom ua tiav kev sib tw nrog cov lag luam hauv Suav. Yog li, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog Citrobel, uas muab cov khoom siv zoo li citric acid, cov tuam txhab tsim los ntawm Celestial faj tim teb chaws tsis tas yuav lav tias cov khoom ua tau raws li cov qauv nruj, uas tseem cuam tshuam rau tus nqi. Qhov sib txawv yog txiav txim siab los ntawm theem ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab kev faib tawm network. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias nyob rau hauv kev xa khoom los ntawm cov tuam txhab loj, cov yam ntxwv ntawm citric acid hauv ib pawg yog heterogeneous thiab yuav txawv. Qhov no kuj tau lees paub hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov neeg siv khoom, qhov kev tsis txaus siab txog kev solubility thiab noo noo ntawm cov khoom raug sau tseg.

Zaj lus

Hnub no, qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv ntiaj teb ntawm citric acid yog kwv yees li 800,000 tons / xyoo. Xws li kev xa rov qab siab ntawm cov haujlwm no yog vim muaj ntau qhov kev lag luam txaus siab rau kev siv cov acidifiers, suav nrog cov tsoos ntu ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj thiab tshuaj thiab tshuaj sphere. Ntxiv mus, derivatives ntawm xws li acids niaj hnub no pom daim ntawv thov txawm nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab hluav taws xob industries, tsis hais txog kev ua liaj ua teb thiab lwm yam lag luam uas cov kev ua hauj lwm ntawm citric acid yog xav tau.cov enzymes. Hauv qhov no, kev xyaum siv sodium citrate los ua ib qho kev hloov pauv rau kev ua haujlwm pabcuam thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg.

Yog tias peb tham txog kev tsim cov citric acid nyob rau hauv Russia, tom qab ntawd ntawm tsoomfwv qib hauv xyoo tas los no cov kauj ruam tau raug coj los tiv thaiv kev lag luam hauv tsev txhawm rau txhawb kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam no. Tab sis txij li cov nroj tsuag Belgorod tseem tsuas yog tus xa khoom loj ntawm citric acid, qee zaum muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom. Raws li ib txoj hauv kev tawm, cov kws tshaj lij tau hais kom hloov cov cai ntawm kev lis kev cai, raws li qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntshuam ntawm txawv teb chaws acidifiers tau muab rau cov tuam txhab European uas lav qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Citric acid los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam biochemical loj hauv Nyij Pooj, Switzerland thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev, tab sis cov nqi siab dhau lawm, yog li Citrobel cog tseem muaj kev sib tw yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.