Hom roj av tseem ceeb

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Xwm paub peb lub xeev ntawm txhua yam khoom: khoom, kua thiab gaseous. Yuav luag txhua cov kua tuaj yeem tau txais txhua qhov ntawm ob qho ntxiv. Ntau cov khib nyiab, thaum melted, evaporated, los yog kub hnyiab, tuaj yeem ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntawm huab cua. Tab sis tsis yog txhua lub roj tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv los yog kua. Ntau hom gases paub, uas txawv ntawm lawv cov khoom, keeb kwm thiab daim ntawv thov nta.

Definition and properties

Gas yog ib yam khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis muaj lossis qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov ntawv cog lus intermolecular, nrog rau kev txav mus los ntawm cov khoom. Cov khoom tseem ceeb uas txhua hom roj av muaj:

1. Fluidity, deformability, volatility, striving rau siab tshaj plaws ntim, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm atoms thiab molecules kom txo los yog nce nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, uas yog manifested los ntawm ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lawv zog.
2. Muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov kub uas qhov nce hauv siab tsis liquefy.
3. Easyshrink, txo nyob rau hauv ntim. Qhov no ua rau nws yooj yim rau kev thauj thiab siv.
4. Feem ntau yog liquefied los ntawm compression nyob rau hauv tej yam kev txwv ntawm pressures thiab tseem ceeb kub qhov tseem ceeb.

Vim kev tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus tau, lawv tau piav qhia siv cov hauv qab no: kub, siab, ntim, molar mass.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm kev tso nyiaj

Nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, txhua yam roj muaj nyob hauv huab cua, av thiab dej.

1. Cov khoom ntawm huab cua: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitric oxide nrog impurities ntawm neon, krypton, hydrogen, methane.
2. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane thiab lwm yam hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide_{thiab lwm yam yog nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous thiab kua lub xeev. Kuj tseem muaj cov roj tso rau hauv cov khoom seem sib xyaw nrog cov txheej dej ntawm qhov siab ntawm li 250 atm. ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (txog 20˚С).}
3. Reservoirs muaj cov roj uas muaj kuab lom - hydrogen chloride, ammonia thiab cov pa tsis zoo - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide _{thiab lwm yam.}

Natural reserves deb tshaj qhov muaj peev xwm tsim tau.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm qib ntawm cov nplaim taws

Txhua yam roj av, nyob ntawm tus cwj pwm coj tus yam ntxwv hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab kev sib txuas, muab faib ua oxidizers, inert thiab combustible.

1. Oxidants txhawb thiab txhawb kev sib txuas, tab sis tsis txhob hlawv lawv tus kheej: cua, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, nitrogen oxide thiab dioxide.
2. Inert tsis koomNyob rau hauv combustion, txawm li cas los xij, lawv nyiam txav oxygen thiab cuam tshuam qhov kev siv ntawm cov txheej txheem: helium, neon, xenon, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide.
3. Cov hluav taws kub hnyiab los yog tawg thaum ua ke nrog oxygen: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm combustion tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj sib tov. Vim yog cov cuab yeej no, roj yog hom roj, los ntawm qhov deb tshaj plaws. Methane, propane, butane yog siv rau hauv lub peev xwm no.

carbon dioxide thiab nws lub luag haujlwm

Yog ib qho ntawm cov pa roj ntau tshaj plaws hauv qhov chaw (0.04%). Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias atmospheric siab, nws muaj qhov ceev ntawm 1.98 kg/m³. Tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv cov khoom los yog kua. Cov theem khoom tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov cua sov thiab cov cua kub tsis tu ncua, nws yog hu ua "cov dej khov qhuav". Cov kua theem CO_{2 yog ua tau nrog nce siab. Cov cuab yeej no yog siv rau kev khaws cia, kev thauj mus los thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis. Sublimation (hloov mus rau lub xeev gaseous los ntawm cov khoom, tsis muaj cov kua nruab nrab theem) yog ua tau ntawm -77 - -79˚С. Solubility nyob rau hauv dej nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio ntawm 1: 1 yog pom tau hais tias ntawm t=14-16˚С.}

Hom carbon dioxide yog qhov txawv nyob ntawm keeb kwm:

1. Cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, emissions los ntawm volcanoes, roj emissions los ntawm lub plab hnyuv hauv lub ntiaj teb, evaporation ntawm saum npoo ntawm dej.
2. Tib neeg cov khoom tsim tawm, suav nrog emissions los ntawm combustion ntawm txhua yamfuel.

Raws li cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, nws siv:

1. Nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon dioxide tua hluav taws.
2. Nyob rau hauv lub tog raj kheej rau arc vuam hauv qhov chaw tsim nyog CO_2.
3. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam zaub mov raws li kev khaws cia thiab rau carbonation ntawm dej.
4. Raws li lub tub yees kom txias ib ntus.
5. In the chemical industry.
6. In metallurgy.

Ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb, txiv neej, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab thiab tag nrho cov chaw tsim khoom, carbon dioxide accumulates nyob rau hauv qis thiab sab sauv txheej ntawm cov cua, ncua kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub thiab tsim ib tug "tsev cog khoom nyhuv. ".

Kua roj thiab nws lub luag haujlwm

Ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab lub hom phiaj thev naus laus zis, muaj cov uas muaj cov nplaim taws kub hnyiab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig calorific. Cov roj liquefied hauv qab no yog siv rau kev khaws cia, kev thauj mus los thiab kev siv: methane, propane, butane, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ntawm propane-butane.

Butane (C₄H₁₀₎ thiab propane yog cov khoom siv roj av. Thawj liquefies ntawm -1 - -0, 5˚С. Kev thauj mus los thiab siv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua frosty ntawm ntshiab butane tsis yog nqa tawm vim nws khov. Liquefaction kub rau propane (С₃Н _{8) -41 - -42˚С, siab tseem ceeb - 4.27 MPa.}

Methane (CH _{4) yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj ntsha. Hom roj av - roj deposits, cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem biogenic. Liquefaction tshwm sim los ntawm maj mam compression thiab txo kom sov mus rau -160 - -161˚С. Ntawm txhua tustheem yog compressed 5-10 zaug.}

Liquefaction yog nqa tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshwj xeeb. Propane, butane, nrog rau lawv cov kev sib xyaw rau kev siv hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam yog tsim tawm nyias. Methane yog siv hauv kev lag luam thiab ua roj rau kev thauj mus los. Cov yav tas kuj tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv compressed.

Compressed gas thiab nws lub luag haujlwm

Tsis ntev los no, compressed natural gas tau txais koob meej. Yog tias tsuas yog liquefaction yog siv rau propane thiab butane, ces methane tuaj yeem tsim tau ob qho tib si hauv liquefied thiab hauv lub xeev compressed. Gas nyob rau hauv lub tog raj kheej nyob rau hauv siab siab ntawm 20 MPa muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov zoo tshaj cov liquefied gas uas paub zoo.

1. Tus nqi evaporation siab, suav nrog ntawm huab cua tsis zoo, tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo.
2. Txuag toxicity.
3. Combustion tiav, kev ua haujlwm siab, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv thiab cua.

Ntaus pom daim ntawv thov tsis yog rau cov tsheb thauj khoom xwb, tab sis kuj rau tsheb, nrog rau cov khoom siv boiler.

Gas yog ib qho tsis pom tseeb tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Cov nqi calorific siab ntawm qee qhov ua rau pom kev dav siv ntau yam ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide ua roj rau kev lag luam thiab kev thauj mus los.